An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is an injury to the knee commonly affecting soccer players, basketball players, skiers, gymnasts, and other athletes. About 70% of ACL tears are the result of non-contact injuries; 30% are the result of direct contact (player-to-player, player-to-object). Women are 4-6 times more likely than men to experience an ACL tear.

Usually, you will be examined by a physical therapist or an orthopedic surgeon immediately following injury. Most people who sustain an ACL tear will undergo surgery to repair the tear; however, some people may avoid surgery by modifying their physical activity so that they don't put a lot of stress on the knee. A select group can actually return to vigorous physical activity following rehabilitation without having surgery.Your physical therapist, together with your surgeon, can help you determine if non-operative treatment (rehabilitation without surgery) is a reasonable option for you. If you elect to have surgery, your physical therapist will help you both prepare for surgery and recover your strength and movement following surgery

What is an ACL Tear?

The ACL is one of the major ligaments (bands of tissue) connecting the thigh bone to the shin bone.

It can tear if you:

*Twist your knee while keeping your foot planted on the ground

*Stop suddenly while running

*Suddenly shift your weight from one leg to the other

*Jump and land on an extended (straightened) knee

*Stretch the knee farther than you should

*Experience a direct hit to the knee

When you tear the ACL, you may feel a sharp, intense pain or hear a loud "pop" or snap. You might not be able to walk on the injured leg because you can't support your weight through your knee joint. Usually, the knee will swell immediately (within minutes to a few hours), and you might feel that your knee "gives way" when you walk or put weight on it.

How Can a Physical Therapist Help?

Once an ACL tear has been diagnosed, you will work with your surgeon and physical therapist to decide if you should have surgery or if you can try to manage your recovery without surgery. If you don't have surgery, your therapist will work with you to restore your muscle strength, endurance, and coordination so that you can return to your regular activities. In some cases, the therapist may help you to learn to modify your physical activity so that you put less stress on your knee. If you decide to have surgery, your therapist can help you both before and after the procedure.

Current research evidence has identified a specific group of patients (called "copers") who have the potential for success without surgery. These patients have injury only to the ACL, and no episodes of "giving way" since the initial injury. There are specific functional tests-such as the Knee Outcomes Survey, the Global Rating of Knee Function, and the timed hop test-that can help the physical therapist identify this group of patients.

If you fall into this category, your physical therapist will design a specific physical therapy treatment program for you, most likely including electrical stimulation to the quadriceps muscle, cardiovascular strengthening, traditional muscle strengthening, and balance training.

Treatment Before Surgery

Some orthopedic surgeons refer their patients to a physical therapist for a short course of rehabilitation before surgery. Your therapist will help you decrease your swelling, increase the range of movement of your knee, and strengthen your thigh muscles (quadriceps).

You might have what is known as a "quadriceps lag." This is when you try to raise your leg straight in the air, but you can't control the knee, and your leg bends slightly. Research shows that improving this condition before surgery leads to better outcomes after surgery. Your therapist might use electrical stimulation to help you straighten your leg.

Treatment After Surgery

Your orthopedic surgeon will provide postsurgery instructions. Physical therapists have developed and published guidelines on knee stability and movement problems, which recommend the following actions.

*Bearing weight

*Icing and compression.

*Bracing

*Exercises to increase your ability to move 

*Exercises to increase your strength

Return to your sport or physical activity

You may begin balance exercises, running, jumping, hopping, and other exercises specific to your sport. This phase varies greatly from person to person. One study found that the return to moderate and strenuous sports varied between 6 and 12 months after surgery. You might be ready to return to your sport if:

• You no longer have pain and swelling
• You have no feelings of instability during sport-specific activities, such as cutting, jumping, and landing
• Your quadriceps strength is 90% of that on your uninjured side
• Your performance of the 1-legged hop test is at 90% of that on the uninjured side

Remember, each surgeon might have a specific plan for you; these are only broad guidelines describing what you might expect for your recovery. 

Reproduced from moveforwardpt.com