Encryption protects information stored on smartphones, laptops and other devices, sometimes by default. Encrypted communication is provided by widely used computing devices and services such as smartphones, laptops and messaging applications. Individuals, organizations and governments rely on encryption to counter threats from a wide range of culprits, including unsophisticated and sophisticated criminals, foreign intelligence agencies and repressive governments. Encryption on its own does not solve the challenge of providing effective security for data and systems, but it is an important tool.