What are the different forms or types of magnesium, and which are best to supplement with? This summary may provide the answers you are looking for.
Breakdown of the Different Forms of Magnesium
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There are many different forms or types of magnesium contained in nutritional supplements, topical creams, and oils. Each form consists of a magnesium molecule or ion attached to another molecule, which can affect the action and bioavailability of the magnesium itself. Some people find magnesium supplements may give them diarrhea, particularly with magnesium chloride, gluconate, hydroxide, and oxide. This is often resolved by trying a different form, or reducing the dose.
Common Forms of Magnesium Found in Supplements
Following is a list of some common forms of magnesium found in supplements, in order of popularity among GrassrootsHealth participants:

Magnesium Citrate
  • derived from citric acid
  • excellent bioavailability
  • supports digestion-specifically, to alleviate constipation and acid indigestion
  • inexpensive
  • may lead to dehydration (and the imbalance of minerals associated with this), as it pulls water into the intestines

Magnesium Threonate
  • good bioavailability
  • potential to improve cognitive functions, memory deficits
  • shown to increase levels of magnesium in the brain

Magnesium Oxide
  • lower levels of bioavailability
  • relieves constipation
  • encourages improved digestion

Magnesium Glycinate
  • promotes muscle relaxation — the amino acid glycine is also known for calming mind and body
  • easily absorbed
  • optimum bioavailability
  • minimal laxative properties

Magnesium Malate
  • bound to malic acid, an organic compound found in fruits and vegetables, especially apples
  • binds to toxic metals, like aluminum
  • promotes healthy skin, muscle performance, saliva production, energy levels
  • highly bioavailable

Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate
  • This one is a bit different than the others as it is a general term for magnesium attached to an amino acid that encompases several different forms, including magnesium glycinate, magnesium lysinate, magnesium orotate, and magnesium taurate.
  • easily absorbed

Magnesium Chloride
  • may be extracted from brine or ocean water
  • can be absorbed through the skin
  • encourages sleep, digestion, bone health and a sense of calm (both mental and physical)
  • helps to relieve muscle spasms, cramps, dermatitis, eczema, and acne
  • may cause diarrhea

Magnesium Carbonate
  • used in antacids
  • low solubility and absorption

Magnesium Taurate
  • proposed use for prevention of migraines

Magnesium Hydroxide
  • suspended in water
  • used in antacids and laxatives

Magnesium Orotate
  • encourages heart health
  • orotic acid may naturally support the repair of tissues, as well as enhanced stamina and performance
  • more expensive option

Magnesium Sulfate
  • otherwise known as Epsom salts
  • helps to alleviate sore muscles
  • most potent laxative effect
  • intravenous for the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

Magnesium Gluconate
  • less of a laxative effect

Magnesium Lactate
  • good bioavailability
  • commonly used to manage digestive issues
  • should be avoided by those with kidney disease or kidney-related problems

The following table is based on the subjective qualities listed above.
What else might affect magnesium bioavailability?
While the form of magnesium is important to bioavailability, another thing that may affect how well your body can access and utilize the magnesium is the specific product’s formulation and whether the supplement is taken with or without food. A study by Blancquaert et al. examined 15 different magnesium products and measured their absorption, dissolution, and bioavailability, in the lab (and 2 products (the best and worst performers from the lab studies) with human subjects. The majority of the products tested contained magnesium oxide; also examined were products containing magnesium citrate, magnesium carbonate, and a few combined forms. They found that the percent of magnesium released varied greatly; some had more bioavailability when taken with food, some without. Some showed a relatively high percent bioavailability in both the stomach and small intestine while others had minimal bioavailability in both simulated environments.

The findings in this study highlight the importance of testing nutrient levels as a way to verify the effectiveness of supplement intake. Are the products you’re taking being absorbed by your body?

To help you make this determination, GrassrootsHealth offers the whole blood magnesium test, which includes the amount of magnesium in your blood cells as well as the plasma/serum, which is a better indicator of magnesium status than the serum magnesium test offered by most doctor’s offices and hospitals because it also assesses magnesium inside cells. Testing your levels can help determine if the supplements you are taking are allowing you to achieve the magnesium status you desire, or if you are potentially wasting money, time, and effort on something ineffective.
Measure Your Magnesium Level Along with Your Vitamin D!
Having and maintaining healthy vitamin D and other nutrient levels can help improve your health now and for your future. Choose which nutrients to measure with your vitamin D, such as your omega-3s, and essential minerals including magnesium, zinc, and copper by creating your custom home test kit today.  Take steps to improve the status of each of these measurements to benefit your overall health. You can also track your own intakes, symptoms and results to see what works best for YOU.

Enroll and test your levels today, learn what steps to take to improve your status of vitamin D (see below) and other nutrients and blood markers, and take action! By enrolling in the GrassrootsHealth projects, you are not only contributing valuable information to everyone, you are also gaining knowledge about how you could improve your own health through measuring and tracking your nutrient status, and educating yourself on how to improve it.
What does the Research Say about Vitamin D & COVID-19?
Be sure to educate yourself on the benefits and importance of vitamin D for immune health, and take steps to ensure you and your loved ones are getting enough.

You can review all of the COVID-19 and immune health information shared by GrassrootsHealth on this page.
What Does it Take YOU to Get Your D to 40 ng/ml (100 nmol/L)?
Did you know that everyone responds differently to vitamin D supplement amounts - by up to 6 times!? Your health could be greatly affected by making sure you have a vitamin D level of at least 40 ng/ml (100 nmol/L). Help us help you.
Don't get stuck with low vitamin D levels - learn more about what might affect your level and response to supplementation, and the steps to take through each season to keep levels in your target range.
Sperti Vitamin D Sunlamps
The Sperti Vitamin D Sunlamp, model D/UV-F, provides the special UVB rays needed for your body to produce Vitamin D. It is the only FDA recognized ultraviolet product for Vitamin D production in the human body, and independent studies have verified its effectiveness.

See how it works for you.
Look for our special project enrollment opportunity with Sperti!
Highly Absorbed Magnesium
Dr. Carolyn Dean is a medical doctor, naturopath, and author of over 35 books including best seller The Magnesium Miracle. With 40 years of experience, she offers proprietary, unique formulations that give every individual at any stage of wellness or illness the necessary building blocks for sustained health, vitality and well-being.

Participate in our special Magnesium*PLUS Focus project offered by RnAReSet.
The Helen Knoll Foundation
The Helen Knoll Foundation (HKF) mission is to prevent breast cancer by empowering young women through risk awareness education, advocacy and access to age appropriate screenings. HKF with GrassrootsHealth is launching the Know YOUR Number campaign to help Stop Breast Cancer Before it Starts by working with local groups to provide vitamin D blood spot testing and project enrollment events.
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Onwards,
Carole Baggerly
Director, GrassrootsHealth
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