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March 31, 2020
EPI UPDATE
The
WHO COVID-19 Situation Report for March 30
reported 693,224 confirmed COVID-19 cases (58,411 new) and 33,106 deaths (3,215 new) globally. No new countries reported COVID-19 cases since the last report, but the trajectory of the growing pandemic remains largely consistent.
The
Russian Ministry of Health
reported a total of
2,326
cases and 17 deaths nationwide, an increase of more than 50% (803 new cases) from the previous report. On Monday, the Duma, the lower house of Russia's Federal Assembly, reportedly
passed emergency legislation
intended to enable Russia to respond to its expanding COVID-19 epidemic. Multiple cities in Russia are reportedly under varying degrees of "lockdown," including Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Iran
reported 44,606 confirmed cases of COVID-19 (3,111 new), including 2,898 deaths (141 new).
The
US CDC reported
140,904 cases (18,251 new) and 2,405 deaths (293 new) on March 30. The
Johns Hopkins CSSE dashboard
is reporting 164,610 US cases and 3,170 deaths as of 7:45am on March 31. According to the dashboard data, New York City is approaching 1,000 deaths (currently 914), and the state of New York is currently at 1,192 deaths, more than a third of the national total.
The New York Times
is compiling national-level COVID-19 incidence data to track the epi curves in real time.
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
In the context of vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the focus has largely been on older individuals (eg, 60 years and older) and those with underlying health conditions, particularly heart and lung conditions. Yesterday, the US CDC expanded on these groups and published an overview of the available information and
guidance for pregnant women and individuals experiencing homelessness
. The CDC notes that the
extent to which pregnant women are at increased risk
for infection, disease, or severe disease remains uncertain. Other coronaviruses and respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza) can be more severe in pregnant women, but additional study is required for COVID-19. It is also unknown whether COVID-19 can cause complications for the fetus during pregnancy or if mothers can transmit the virus vertically to the fetus. The CDC recommends that pregnant women take the same precautions as the general public, including cough etiquette, hand hygiene, and social distancing. Additionally, the CDC has not yet determined whether the virus can be transmitted via breast milk, and it is unclear whether antibodies can be passed via breast milk to confer protection to infants.
Individuals experiencing homelessness can often be at elevated risk for communicable disease transmission, due in part to living in densely populated and often unsanitary conditions. Additionally, these individuals may face additional barriers to seeking care when they do become ill, which can increase the risk of severe disease or further transmission. The CDC published guidance for health departments, community service organizations, housing agencies, and health systems to
mitigate the risk to individuals experiencing homelessness
. While some homeless encampments can feature characteristics that could facilitate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the CDC recommends against breaking up encampments unless individual housing is available. Breaking up encampments could “cause people to disperse throughout the community and break connections with service providers,” which could place them at even higher risk and facilitate further community transmission. Instead, local officials should ensure that encampments have access to adequate washing and restroom facilities, stocked with soap and clean water, and that proper spacing between individuals is available to reduce transmission. The CDC focuses heavily on communicating with these communities, which can be difficult. A multi-sectoral approach is critical, engaging a myriad of relevant government and non-government organizations as well as key community leaders. The CDC also recommends developing plans to house individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 or are awaiting test results as well as those who are discharged from the hospital but still require isolation while they recover.
The CDC also published
guidance for hemodialysis clinics
to protect patients and staff. While many aspects of daily life have been upended by social distancing efforts, services like hemodialysis provide life-saving care for many individuals, and their continued operation is vital. The recommendations include rapidly identifying and isolating individuals with respiratory symptoms (including appropriate sick leave policies for staff), ensuring patients maintain 6-foot separation in waiting rooms and treatment areas, and utilizing proper PPE. The guidance also notes that patients with respiratory symptoms should be immediately moved from the waiting area to an isolation area for treatment in order to mitigate the risk of exposure to other patients.
COVID-19 LABOR STRIKES
Concerns regarding protection against COVID-19, access to paid sick leave, and financial compensation have led
workers at multiple large companies to strike this week
. Yesterday, thousands of warehouse and delivery employees (and contractors) for Amazon and Instacart walked off the job. Additionally, some employees of Whole Foods (owned by Amazon) have planned a “sickout” (i.e., employees will call in sick) for today. These workers feel that they are at elevated risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to their role in handling and delivering products in the community, and they believe that their employers are not doing enough to protect them against infection or support their health and financial security if they are infected. The
employees’ demands vary
, but they generally include materials and procedures to improve cleaning and hygiene (including access to hand sanitizer and disinfectant wipes), expanded paid sick leave programs, and “hazard pay” due to the increased risk of exposure. Considering the increased reliance on delivery services for food and other supplies due to increasingly restrictive social distancing policies, a strike of warehouse and delivery workers could potentially cause significant disruption to the US supply chain, particularly for vulnerable individuals who are unable to leave their homes; however, major companies have already hired more employees and contractors in an attempt to compensate for the increased demand.
HOSPITAL SHIPS
On March 18, US President Donald Trump announced that the
Department of Defense would deploy 2 hospital ships
, the
USNS Mercy
and
Comfort
, domestically to support the COVID-19 response in California and New York. Yesterday,
the
Mercy
began treating its first patients in Los Angeles
, California, and
the
Comfort
arrived in New York City
and will have 750 beds immediately available to treat patients. The ships provide hundreds of additional beds and other medical capacity, including operating rooms, to mitigate the strain on local health systems. The ships will not treat COVID-19 patients, but reducing the number of patients at other facilities will provide additional capacity in local hospitals and other facilities to handle the COVID-19 patient surge. Unfortunately,
crowds of New Yorkers reportedly ignored social distancing
recommendations and mandates in order to view the ship arriving.
US AIRCRAFT CARRIER OUTBREAK
An ongoing
outbreak onboard the
USS Theodore Roosevelt
aircraft carrier could potentially put thousands of US Sailors and Marines at risk for COVID-19. Several identified cases have been evacuated from the ship, but the majority of the more than 100 cases onboard remain. The ship’s Commanding Officer, Captain Brett Crozier, reportedly issued a plea for support from the Department of Defense, including quarantine facilities for the crew. Due to the nature of living conditions and operations onboard an aircraft carrier, it is impossible to effectively quarantine or isolate Sailors and Marines. These conditions are ideal for rapid transmission, and according to the letter, the outbreak is “accelerating.” The ship is currently in port in Guam, but most of the crew remains onboard due to a lack of suitable quarantine space on the base. Disembarking the entire crew would essentially remove the ship from service. Only 11 aircraft carriers are in active service—and only a few are currently deployed—so the loss of one, even temporarily, could have significant impacts on US Navy operations.
Another
outbreak at the US Marines’ training center
in Parris Island, South Carolina, has reportedly resulted in at least 20 cases. The outbreak has delayed the arrival of new recruits for training, and base officials are determining the appropriate response to contain the outbreak. Prior to the outbreak, new recruits were required to be quarantined for 14 days upon arrival to reduce the risk of such outbreaks. The initial cases were reportedly identified during the recruits’ quarantine period.
J&J VACCINE CANDIDATE
Johnson and Johnson (J&J) announced that it has identified a primary vaccine candidate
from among the products in its development pipeline. J&J will pursue clinical trials and production of the vaccine in partnership with Janssen Pharmaceutical and the US government’s Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority program. Clinical trials in humans are expected to begin by September 2020 with the hope of an Emergency Use Authorization in early 2021. J&J has committed to produce more than a billion doses for global use, including production in both the United States and overseas.
DECONTAMINATING RESPIRATORS
The US FDA issued an
Emergency Use Authorization for the Battelle Critical Care Decontamination System
, which is designed to decontaminate N95 respirators in order to allow healthcare workers to safely reuse them (as many as 20 times) and extend existing inventory in health systems across the country. The
system utilizes hydrogen peroxide vapor
to “destroy bacteria, viruses and other contaminants, including...SARS-CoV-2,” and it can process up to 80,000 masks per day. The FDA initially limited the throughput to 10,000 masks per day, but the system is now permitted to operate at full capacity. The system is currently in use in Ohio, and Battelle intends to deploy units to New York, Washington state, and Washington, DC.
COLLEGIATE SPORTS ELIGIBILITY
Yesterday, the NCAA announced that athletes competing in spring sports would be granted an
additional year of eligibility
to compete at the college level due to the season being cancelled over COVID-19 concerns. Schools will be allowed to have more scholarship athletes in order to account for those that utilize the extra season of eligibility, and the NCAA Student Assistance Fund will support schools who need assistance providing additional scholarships for returning athletes.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Vox published an overview of several studies that aim to characterize and forecast the
economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
and associated social distancing and other response measures in the United States. The studies anticipate continued economic effect over the coming months, including additional surges in unemployment claims. One poll found that approximately one-third of Americans reported that a household member has recently been laid off or had pay reduced, illustrating the pandemic's widespread effects. Notably, one study found that recent economic trends more closely resemble natural disasters than a traditional economic recession, which could potentially provide insight into how the recovery could progress after the pandemic recedes. Outside the United States, investments are moving away from “emerging markets”—including countries like China, India, and South Africa—at a pace that exceeds what was observed during the 2008 global financial crisis.
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