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Dear Subscriber,
We are pleased to present an excerpt this month of one of many great COFE4 papers that you can experience in person at the conference. We are featuring Moray King, who has put together a fascinating theory that the dominant energy coming from the water electrolyzers is not from hydrogen, but rather it is from another source which might be far more energetic: charged water gas clusters, which activate and coherently harvest zero-point energy (ZPE). His experimental evidence is also quite compelling (story #1). IRI is also extending a 25% discount until Feb. 15, 2011 for early registration, with five conferences in one this year!
Our story #2 brings the traditional year review of energy developments from MIT. Of course, we are seeing the electric car dominating the news with better batteries. I have even seen a development that predicts electric cars will become fully practical by 2020. This is because companies in Denmark are making wind-powered charging stations for electric cars. Freshly charged batteries are exchanged for drained batteries in less time than it takes to fill a car with gas. Consumers pay for the service on monthly plans like mobile phone service. Analysts at Deutsche Bank are enthusiastic and believe this concept could eventually transform the auto industry and neutralize petrodollar power within the next decade.
To bring our story #3 on antimatter into the realm of future energy, it is noted that physicist Gerald Smith did research at Penn State to produce an antimatter propulsion engine. While it seems difficult and expensive to produce antimatter on earth, nature has now been seen producing it easily from high voltage thunderstorms. This is because extremely high voltage will cause "The Decay of the Vacuum" (Sci. Amer., Dec. 1979, p. 153) which releases negative energy particles. Hopefully, this story will inspire the next generation to raise the voltage in the lab for useful quantities of antiparticles.
We are cautious about releasing story #4 that claims a cold fusion demonstration with nickel and hydrogen and it is up to the reader to decide if it is sufficiently convincing. There also is a patent application with more details of the process http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110005506 . COFE4 will also feature a couple of papers from experts in the field who will be able to answer questions about this new process.
Our last story brings the bioreactor and biofuel developments into the realm of converting "carbon dioxide into fuel" which certainly has an advantage for mitigating climate change if it every becomes a mainstream industry.
Thomas Valone, PhD, PE Editor www.IntegrityResearchInstitute.org |
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1) Water Electrolyzers and the Zero-Point Energy |
Moray B. King, P.O. Box 859 Provo, UT 84601
mbking42@aol.com Abstract. The gas emitted from popular water electrolyzer projects manifests unusual energetic anomalies, which include vaporizing tungsten when used in a welding torch and running internal combustion engines on small quantities of the gas. Some claim to run generators in closed loop fashion solely on the gas from the electrolyzer, which is powered solely from the generator. Most investigators believe the energy is from burning hydrogen. A hypothesis is proposed that the dominant energy is not coming from hydrogen, but rather it is coming from charged water gas clusters, which activate and coherently trap zero-point energy.
INTRODUCTION The water electrolyzer projects are popular with inventors and hobbyists worldwide. There are thousands of videos posted on YouTube under the search, water fuel. Nearly everyone believes their electrolyzers produce a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas known by various names such as HHO, hydroxy, oxyhydrogen, and Brown's gas. Yull Brown (1977) is famous for investigating the welding applications of the gas and discovered intriguing energetic anomalies (Wiseman, 1998). The gas exhibits a cool flame, ~130 degrees C, yet it can vaporize tungsten, a feat beyond today's commercial welding torches (Wiseman, 2001). The academic community has yet to explore or explain this anomaly. Burning hydrogen cannot account for it. Perhaps the most popular application of the water electrolyzers is to boost an automobile's gasoline mileage (Kelly, 2008; Panacea, 2010). An energy anomaly manifests here as well for the boosters typically produce only a few (5-20) liters of uncompressed gas per minute. Yet many claim significant increase in miles per gallon (20 - 50%). Burning hydrogen cannot account for it. Even more surprisingly some investigators have claimed to run gasoline generators on 5 to 6 liters per minute of the uncompressed gas, and the generator's electrical output was stable on the order of a kilowatt (Allan, 2009, 2010). Such claims appear remarkable, considering the low efficiency of typical internal combustion engines (~20%). Burning hydrogen certainly cannot account for this.
This paper will explore the hypothesis that the dominant energy coming from the water electrolyzers is not from hydrogen, but rather it is from another source which might be far more energetic: charged water gas clusters, which activate and coherently harvest zero-point energy (ZPE). Others have proposed a coherent water zero-point energy interaction. Prevenslik (2001) introduced a model where a collapsing nano bubble coherently activates a standing wave from the ZPE whose continuously increasing resonant frequency acts like an ultraviolet to x-ray laser which coincides with the dissociation frequency of the water's hydrogen-oxygen bond to yield charge separation. He applied the model to explain steam electricity, waterfall ionization, sonoluminescence, and thundercloud charge separation. If Prevenslik is correct, it implies the zero-point energy significantly contributes to lightning formation. Appendix A summarizes the author's hypothesis (King, 1989, 2001) on how the zero-point energy might coherently participate in self-organized collectives involving ionized matter or plasma. To further support the ZPE hypothesis, another phenomenon that exhibits energetic anomalies similar to Brown's gas is discussed in Appendix B: plasma charge clusters. Plasma charge clusters are a form of microscopic ball lightning that have been experimentally observed and extensively studied by Ken Shoulders (1991). He named them "electrum validum" (EV) meaning "strong charge," and later renamed them "exotic vacuum objects" (EVO) when he became convinced that they coherently coupled to the ZPE to account for the excessive energy they manifested (Hasslberger, 2007). The observed energetic anomalies in their interaction with high melting point ceramics are similar to those exhibited by the Brown's gas welding torch. back to table of contents |
2) The Year in Energy |
Kevin Bulls, MIT Technology Review December 30, 2011 http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/26984/page1/
Electric cars arrive, and solar, batteries, biofuels, and engines all advance
At the end of 2010, GM and Nissan introduced their long-awaited electric cars, the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt and the all-electric Nissan Leaf. If these are successful, they could bring sweeping changes to the automobile industry, which has relied almost exclusively on petroleum to power its cars. But whether electric vehicles become popular depends on improving the technology, especially by developing better batteries.
| Nissan Leaf, Picture Coutesy of Nissan |
Better Batteries
The Volt and the Leaf use advanced lithium-ion batteries that the automakers calculate will last many times longer than the batteries in your laptop. But they're expensive, and the distance they can power a car is limited. In the near term, better electrodes that store more energy using less material could help, such as the silicon ones Panasonic is rolling out (Tesla to Use High-Energy Batteries from Panasonic). And a new test could allow researchers to quickly sort through combinations of electrodes and electrolytes to find ones that will last for the life of a car (A Quicker Test for EV Batteries).
Over the long term, novel battery chemistries such as lithium-sulfur offer potentially much greater energy storage at a lower cost than lithium-ion batteries (Packing More into Lithium Batteries). And a new approach that uses fluid electrodes rather than solid ones could help break through the energy storage limits that make it hard for electric cars to compete with gas-powered ones (New Battery for Cheap Electric Vehicles).
Cheaper Solar Power
In many parts of the country, electric cars will essentially be coal-powered, running on electricity generated by the fossil fuel. Electric power is highly efficient, so they will emit less carbon dioxide than conventional cars. But if electric cars are to achieve their true potential for reducing pollution, they will need to use more renewable energy or low-carbon sources of electricity such as nuclear power (Giant Holes in the Ground).
Solar power saw significant advances this year, as conventional-solar-panel makers cuts costs and improved efficiency and laboratories rolled out advanced prototypes. China was a big part of the story, as its manufacturers refined their designs (Solar's Great Leap Forward).
In the United States, government loan guarantees helped increase investment in solar technology, including by thin-film-solar makers such as Abound Solar (Solar Cell Maker Gets a $400-Million Boost). It is not clear, however, what will happen to federally supported industries when the money from the 2009 stimulus bill runs out (Cash for Infrastructure). Funding from the new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA-E) is being used to find cheaper ways to manufacture conventional silicon solar panels (Making More Solar Cells from Silicon).
Meanwhile, laboratories made prototypes of potentially ultra-efficient new kinds of solar panels. Nanostructures help solar panels absorb light, increasing their power output by 30 percent or more (TR10: Light-Trapping Photovoltaics and Solar Cells Use Nanoparticles to Capture More Sunlight). Researchers are finding ways around the inherent physical limitations of semiconductors, demonstrating in a prototype solar cell an effect that allows photons to generate multiple electrons. This approach could increase solar power output by 50 percent (Upping the Limit on Solar Cell Efficiency). A novel approach that uses both heat and light from the sun to make electricity could potentially double the output of solar panels (A New Way to Use the Sun's Energy).
These prototypes are many years from commercialization, but by increasing the power output of solar panels without greatly increasing the cost to make them, they could reduce not only the cost per watt for solar panels but also the number of solar panels needed and therefore shipping and installation costs-something that will be key for solar to go head to head with conventional power.
Clean Fuels and Efficient Engines
Meanwhile, better engines will reduce the need for petroleum. A number of new engine prototypes can achieve fuel efficiencies that exceed that of hybrid vehicles (Reinventing the Gasoline Engine, 70 mpg, without a Hybrid, and The Two-Stroke Engine, Reconsidered).
Even as advanced biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol are slowly coming to market (What's Holding Biofuels Back?), companies are developing a new generation of biofuels with chemical properties like those of gasoline or diesel-replacements that can be used in existing cars and transported in existing pipelines. Researchers created genes that allow bacteria to produce diesel fuel, and these are being commercialized by a company called LS9 (Genes to Make Hydrocarbon Fuels). Another company has started producing a precursor to synthetic diesel in Brazil (Searching for Biofuels' Sweet Spot). Researchers have also engineered microorganisms that can convert sunlight and water into diesel (TR10: Solar Fuel). And the U.S. government has funded a $122 million research center with the goal of converting sunlight to fuel without using organisms (Fuel from the Sun).
To be sure, it will be years before many of these advances work their way into the marketplace. The lack of a comprehensive energy policy in the United States, where many of the innovations are taking place, doesn't help (Piecemeal Energy Policy Will Still Cut Greenhouse Emissions). And the inability of Congress to pass a budget this year could stifle research and development-the funding of ARPA-E, for example, hangs in the balance (Dim Prospects for Energy R&D). But if the willingness to compromise that allowed Democrats and Republicans to pass a tax-cut bill at the end of the year continues, there may be surprising progress. Meanwhile, China continues to push forward with plans to lead the world in electric vehicles, providing government incentives to develop the cars and install charging stations. Next year, that ambition will be evident outside China, as Chinese automaker BYD plans to start selling its first electric car in the United States
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3) Thunderstorms Produce Antimatter |
Tony Phillips, NASA Science News, Jan. 11, 2011:
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/11jan_antimatter/
Ed Note: See "Harnessing the Power of Antiparticles", Science Illustrated, January-February, 2011, p. 36 for rocket propulsion applications of antimatter "fast enough to get to Mars in a month".
Scientists using NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have detected beams of antimatter produced above thunderstorms on Earth, a phenomenon never seen before. Scientists think the antimatter particles were formed inside thunderstorms in a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF) associated with lightning. It is estimated that about 500 TGFs occur daily worldwide, but most go undetected.
"These signals are the first direct evidence that thunderstorms make antimatter particle beams," said Michael Briggs, a member of Fermi's Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) team at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). He presented the findings Monday, during a news briefing at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle.
An artist's concept of antimatter spraying above a thunderhead.
 Fermi is designed to monitor gamma rays, the highest energy form of light. When antimatter striking Fermi collides with a particle of normal matter, both particles immediately are annihilated and transformed into gamma rays. The GBM has detected gamma rays with energies of 511,000 electron volts, a signal indicating an electron has met its antimatter counterpart, a positron. Although Fermi's GBM is designed to observe high-energy events in the universe, it's also providing valuable insights into this strange phenomenon. The GBM constantly monitors the entire celestial sky above and the Earth below. The GBM team has identified 130 TGFs since Fermi's launch in 2008. "In orbit for less than three years, the Fermi mission has proven to be an amazing tool to probe the universe. Now we learn that it can discover mysteries much, much closer to home," said Ilana Harrus, Fermi program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington.
Fermi was above Egypt on Dec. 14, 2009, when a burst of positrons emerged from an African thunderstorm. The spacecraft was located immediately above a thunderstorm for most of the observed TGFs, but in four cases, storms were far from Fermi. In addition, lightning-generated radio signals detected by a global monitoring network indicated the only lightning at the time was hundreds or more miles away. During one TGF, which occurred on Dec. 14, 2009, Fermi was located over Egypt. But the active storm was in Zambia, some 2,800 miles to the south. The distant storm was below Fermi's horizon, so any gamma rays it produced could not have been detected.
"Even though Fermi couldn't see the storm, the spacecraft nevertheless was magnetically connected to it," said Joseph Dwyer at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Fla. "The TGF produced high-speed electrons and positrons, which then rode up Earth's magnetic field to strike the spacecraft." The beam continued past Fermi, reached a location, known as a mirror point, where its motion was reversed, and then hit the spacecraft a second time just 23 milliseconds later. Each time, positrons in the beam collided with electrons in the spacecraft. The particles annihilated each other, emitting gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM.
Scientists long have suspected TGFs arise from the strong electric fields near the tops of thunderstorms. Under the right conditions, they say, the field becomes strong enough that it drives an upward avalanche of electrons. Reaching speeds nearly as fast as light, the high-energy electrons give off gamma rays when they're deflected by air molecules. Normally, these gamma rays are detected as a TGF.
But the cascading electrons produce so many gamma rays that they blast electrons and positrons clear out of the atmosphere. This happens when the gamma-ray energy transforms into a pair of particles: an electron and a positron. It's these particles that reach Fermi's orbit.
The detection of positrons shows many high-energy particles are being ejected from the atmosphere. In fact, scientists now think that all TGFs emit electron/positron beams. A paper on the findings has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters.
"The Fermi results put us a step closer to understanding how TGFs work," said Steven Cummer at Duke University. "We still have to figure out what is special about these storms and the precise role lightning plays in the process."
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4) Italian Scientists claim to demonstrate Cold Fusion |
January 20, 2011 by Lisa Zyga - (PhysOrg.com) -- Few areas of science are more controversial than cold fusion, the hypothetical near-room-temperature reaction in which two smaller nuclei join together to form a single larger nucleus while releasing large amounts of energy. In the 1980s, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleishmann claimed to have demonstrated cold fusion - which could potentially provide the world with a cheap, clean energy source - but their experiment could not be reproduced. Since then, all other claims of cold fusion have been illegitimate, and studies have shown that cold fusion is theoretically implausible, causing mainstream science to become highly speculative of the field in general.
 The latest news occurred last week, when Italian scientists Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi of the University of Bologna announced that they developed a cold fusion <http://www.physorg.com/tags/cold+fusion/> device capable of producing 12,400 W of heat power with an input of just 400 W. Last Friday, the scientists held a private invitation press conference in Bologna, attended by about 50 people, where they demonstrated what they claim is a nickel <http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html#> -hydrogen fusion reactor <http://www.physorg.com/tags/fusion+reactor/> . Further, the scientists say that the reactor is well beyond the research phase; they plan to start shipping commercial devices within the next three months and start mass production by the end of 2011.
See full article at Pysorg.com <http://Pysorg.com> <http://Pysorg.com <http://Pysorg.com/> > : http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html
Ed. note: Why it works however, is not something even the inventors can explain. It has however a patent application: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110005506 for the details of the experimental equipment and the process used. - TV
RELATED ARTICLES
Next Big Future, January 13, 2011,
http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/01/multi-kilowatt-nickel-hydrogen-cold.html
There will be 10 kilowatt nickel hydrogen cold fusion demonstrations on January 14 and 15th in Italy and peer reviewed papers
Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism

The Focardi-Rossi approach considers this shielding a basic requirement for surpassing the Coulomb barrier between the hydrogen nuclei (protons) and the Nickel lattice nuclei, resulting into release of energy, which is a fact, through a series of exothermic nuclear processes leading to transmutations, decays, etc.
The reasoning presented in this note is based on elementary considerations of
� The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental energy state � The Heisenberg uncertainty principle � The high speed of nuclear reactions (10ˆ-20 sec)
The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental state, in the absence of energy perturbations, remains indefinitely in its stationary state shown below. This is due to the in-phase wave (de Broglie), which follows the "circular" path of its single orbiting electron. The wave length and radius of the "circular" path are determined by the fundamental energy state of this atom.
When hydrogen atoms come in contact with the metal (Ni), they abandon their stationary state as they deposit their electrons in the conductivity band of the metal, and due to their greatly reduced volume, compared to that of their atom, the hydrogen nuclei (naked protons) readily diffuse into the defects of the nickel crystalline structure as well as in tetrahedral or octahedral void spaces of the crystal lattice.
It should be underlined that, in addition to the deposited hydrogen electrons, in the nickel mass included are also electrons of the chemical potential of the metal. Jointly these electrons constitute the conductivity electronic cloud, distributed in energy bands (Fermi), and quasi free to move throughout the metallic mass.
it is conceivable that, for a very short time period (e.g. 10ˆ-18 sec), a series of neutral mini atoms of hydrogen could be formed, in an unstable state, of various size and energy level, distributed within the Fermi band, which is enlarged due to the very short time (Heisenberg).
The neutral mini-atoms of high energy and very short wave length - which is in phase with the "cyclic" orbit (de Broglie) - are statistically captured be the nickel nuclei of the crystal structure with the speed of nuclear reactions (10ˆ-20 sec).
For these mini-atoms to fuse with the nickel nuclei, apart from their neutral character for surpassing the Coulomb barrier, they must have dimensions smaller than 10ˆ-14 m, where nuclear cohesion forces, of high intensity but very short range, are predominant. It is assumed that only a percentage of such atoms satisfy this condition (de Broglie).
The above considerations are based only on an intuitive approach and I trust this phenomenon could be tackled in a systematic and integrated way through the "theory of time dependent perturbations" by employing the appropriate Hamiltonian
The mechanism proposed by Focardi - Rossi, verified by mass spectroscopy data, which predicts transmutation of a nickel nucleus to an unstable copper nucleus (isotope), remains in principle valid. The difference is that inside the unstable copper nucleus, produced from the fusion of a hydrogen mini-atom with a nickel nucleus, is trapped the mini-atom electron (β-), which in my opinion undergoes in-situ annihilation, with the predicted (Focardi-Rossi) decay β+ of the new copper nucleus.
The β+ and β- annihilation (interaction of matter and anti-matter) would lead to the emission of a high energy photon, γ, (Einstein) from the nucleus of the now stable copper isotope and a neutrin to conserve the lepton number. However, based on the principle of conservation of momentum, as a result of the backlash of this nucleus, the photon energy γ is divided into kinetic energy of this nucleus of large mass (heat) and a photon of low frequency.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the system does not exhibit the M�ssbauer* phenomenon for two reasons:
1. The copper nucleus is not part of the nickel crystal structure and behaves as an isolated atom in quasi gaseous state 2. Copper, as a chemical element, does not exhibit the M�ssbauer phenomenon.
In conclusion, it should be underlined that the copper nucleus thermal perturbation, as a result of its mechanical backlash(heat), is transferred to its encompassing nickel lattice and propagated, by in phase phonons (G. Preparata), through the entire nano-crystal. This could explain why in cold fusion the released energy is mainly in the form of heat and the produced (low) γ radiation can be easily shielded.
Further Reading
Is the Rossi energy amplifier the first pico-chemical reactor?
The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel, were derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using the type of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy produced. The consequences of proton or neutron capture have been studied. It was shown that these consequences are not in line with the experimental observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. Should this explanation be true, it is proposed to call pico-chemistry the novel field thus opened.
Nuclear signatures to be expected from Rossi energy amplifier
Strong nuclear signatures are expected from the Rossi energy amplifier and it is hoped that this note can help evidence them.
It is of interest to note that in a mechanism is proposed, that strongly suppresses the gamma emission during the run (it is the same mechanism that creates very low energy neutrons, subsequently captured by the nickel. This does not suppress the emission after shut-down, which should be observed, together with the transmutations described above.
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5) TR-10 Solar Fuel |
By Kevin Bullis, Technology Review, May/June 2010 (reprinted for TR10, Jan. 2011) http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/25077/
This article is part of an annual 2010 list of what we believe are the 10 most important emerging technologies.
Designing the perfect renewable fuel.
When Noubar Afeyan, the CEO of Flagship Ventures in Cambridge, MA, set out to invent the ideal renewable fuel, he decided to eliminate the middleman. Biofuels ultimately come from carbon dioxide and water, so why persist in making them from biomass--corn or switchgrass or algae? "What we wanted to know," Afeyan says, "is could we engineer a system that could convert carbon dioxide directly into any fuel that we wanted?"
The answer seems to be yes, according to Joule Biotechnologies, the company that Afeyan founded (also in Cambridge) to design this new fuel. By manipulating and designing genes, Joule has created photosynthetic micro�rganisms that use sunlight to efficiently convert carbon dioxide into ethanol or diesel--the first time this has ever been done, the company says. Joule grows the microbes in photobioreactors that need no fresh water and occupy only a fraction of the land needed for biomass-based approaches. The creatures secrete fuel continuously, so it's easy to collect. Lab tests and small trials lead Afeyan to estimate that the process will yield 100 times as much fuel per hectare as fermenting corn to produce ethanol, and 10 times as much as making it from sources such as agricultural waste. He says costs could be competitive with those of fossil fuels.
| Joule Biotechnologies' genetilcally engineered microorganisms can turn sunlight into ethanol or diesel. Credit: Bob O'Connor |
If Afeyan is right, biofuels could become an alternative to petroleum on a much broader scale than has ever seemed possible. The supply of conventional biofuels, such as those made from corn, is constrained by the vast amount of water and agricultural land needed to grow the plants they're made from. And while advanced biofuels require less water and don't need high-quality land, their potential is limited by the expensive, multistep processes needed to make them. As a result, the International Energy Agency estimates that in 2050, biodiesel and ethanol will meet only 26 percent of world demand for transportation fuel.
Joule's bioengineers have equipped their micro�rganisms with a genetic switch that limits growth. The scientists allow them to multiply for only a couple of days before flipping that switch to divert the organisms' energy from growth into fuel production. While other companies try to grow as much biomass as possible, Afeyan says, "I want to make as little biomass as I can." In retrospect, the approach might seem obvious. Indeed, the startup Synthetic Genomics and an academic group at the BioTechnology Institute at the University of Minnesota are also working on making fuels directly from carbon dioxide. Joule hopes to succeed by developing both its organisms and its photobioreactor from scratch, so that they work perfectly together.
Still, it's a risky strategy, since it departs from established processes. Usually, a startup sets out determined to do something novel, says James Collins, a professor of biomedical engineering at Boston University and a member of Joule's scientific advisory board, "and it falls quickly back on trying to find something that works ... an old thing that's been well established." Afeyan, however, has pushed the company to stay innovative. This summer, it will move beyond lab-scale tinkering; an outdoor pilot plant is currently under construction in Leander, TX.
As both a venture capitalist and a technologist--he received his PhD in chemical engineering from MIT in 1987--Afeyan is keenly aware of the challenges in demonstrating that a novel process can operate economically and make fuel in large volumes. To minimize the financial risks, he steered Joule toward a modular process that doesn't require large and expensive demonstration plants. "I'm not saying it's easy or around the corner, because I've done this for a long time," Afeyan says. But he does believe that Joule is onto something big: a renewable fuel that could compete with fossil fuels on both cost and scale. He says, "We have the elements of a potentially transformative technology."
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