The record-breaking warming years of 2023 (1.5°C) and 2024 (1.6°C) were above expectations and shocked scientists. Their responses and the subsequent research are a good example of how quickly physical reality is changing, driving new and contested understandings.
In late 2023, as global and ocean temperatures soared, the most upfront assessment came from Zeke Hausfather, a research scientist at Berkeley Earth: “Staggering. Unnerving. Mind-boggling. Absolutely, gobsmackingly bananas.” It was a widely-shared view, with responses such as “unprecedented” and “frightening."
The decline in Antarctic sea ice extent was much greater than model projections, leading Walt Meier of the National Snow and Ice Data Center to exclaim: “It's so far outside anything we've seen, it's almost mind-blowing.” The same was true for high North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, which were literally off the chart. (See below.)
The 2023 recording-breaking heat was widely explained as a consequence of an El Niño which had developed during the year, plus small contributions from reduced aerosols due to cleaner shipping fuel policies, the massive eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano and increased solar activity, plus unknown factors.
By January 2024, CarbonBrief proffered: “While there are a number of factors that researchers have proposed to explain 2023’s exceptional warmth, scientists still lack a clear explanation for why global temperatures were so unexpectedly high… researchers are just starting to disentangle the causes of the unexpected extreme global heat the world experienced in 2023.”
Find out more about this important debate here.
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