bispecific antibodies (bsabs) targeting immunomodulatory checkpoints are reshaping cancer therapy, overcoming the constraints of conventional monoclonal antibodies. This white paper delves into the classification of BsAbs, their innovative design, their mechanisms of action in bolstering immune responses, and the clinical advancements of key BsAbs across different categories. By exploring this document, you will gain insights into their potential to enhance treatment precision, reduce drug resistance, and decrease the incidence of severe side effects, providing a deeper dive into the future of cancer immunotherapy.

Unveil the significance of immune checkpoint molecules as pivotal regulators crucial for instigating and concluding immune responses effectively while preserving self-tolerance. Explore pathways such as CD40/CD40L and OX40/OX40L, which play fundamental roles in autoimmune ailments and are under exploration for their therapeutic promise

CD40/CD40 Ligand (CD40L) Pathway

• Overview: Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member in multiple autoimmune diseases
• Function: Plays a significant role in immune responses and is involved in autoimmune diseases.
• Relevant Autoimmune Diseases: Type 1 diabetes (T1D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren’s syndrome (SS).
• Therapeutic Development: Dapirolizumab pegol (SLE), Frexalimab (MS), and IBI355 (SS）