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IMBeR IPO-China 信息速递
Your news from the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research International Project Office - China
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红树林而言，地上和地下生物量中位数分别为159.1和16.7 Mg C ha-1；土壤储库中位数为774.7 Mg C ha-1。印度尼西亚红树林中的碳储存中位数为950.5 Mg C ha-1，预计该国的红树林总面积约为31,894平方公里，由此外推，其全国碳储量为3.0 Pg C，如果这些生境在土壤深度大于1米处固碳和/或固存无机碳，则可能是一个低估值。保守的估计，印度尼西亚的海草床和红树林碳储量加起来有3.4 Pg C，约占世界蓝碳储库的17%。这些持续退化和遭到破坏的湿地对二氧化碳排放以及与邻近沿海水域的溶解碳交换产生了严重影响。我们估计，每年大约有29,040 Gg CO2（eq.）返回大气-海洋库中。这一数量相当于印度尼西亚每年与森林和泥炭地转化有关的排放量的3.2%。这些结果突出表明，迫切需要蓝碳和REDD+项目（减少发展中国家毁林和森林退化所致排放量加上森林可持续管理以及保护和加强森林碳储量项目），并借此作为阻止湿地面积减少和减缓全球沿海碳储存大量释放的一种手段。
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（实习生吕晴编译）
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The global significance of carbon storage in Indonesia’s coastal wetlands was assessed based on published and unpublished measurements of the organic carbon content of living seagrass and mangrove biomass and soil pools. For seagrasses, median above- and below-ground biomass was 0.29 and 1.13 Mg C ha−1 respectively; the median soil pool was 118.1 Mg C ha−1. Combining plant biomass and soil, median carbon storage in an Indonesian seagrass meadow is 119.5 Mg C ha−1. Extrapolated to the estimated total seagrass area of 30,000 km2, the national storage value is 368.5 Tg C. For mangroves, median above- and below-ground biomass was 159.1 and 16.7 Mg C ha−1, respectively; the median soil pool was 774.7 Mg C ha−1. The median carbon storage in an Indonesian mangrove forest is 950.5 Mg C ha−1. Extrapolated to the total estimated mangrove area of 31,894 km2, the national storage value is 3.0 Pg C, a likely underestimate if these habitats sequester carbon at soil depths >1 m and/or sequester inorganic carbon. Together, Indonesia’s seagrasses and mangroves conservatively account for 3.4 Pg C, roughly 17 % of the world’s blue carbon reservoir. Continued degradation and destruction of these wetlands has important consequences for CO2 emissions and dissolved carbon exchange with adjacent coastal waters. We estimate that roughly 29,040 Gg CO2 (eq.) is returned annually to the atmosphere–ocean pool. This amount is equivalent to about 3.2 % of Indonesia’s annual emissions associated with forest and peat land conversion. These results highlight the urgent need for blue carbon and REDD+ projects as a means to stem the decline in wetland area and to mitigate the release of a significant fraction of the world’s coastal carbon stores.
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南极海洋底栖动物能否在外来物种入侵中生存？化学生态学能告诉我们什么？
Would Antarctic Marine Benthos Survive Alien Species Invasions?
What Chemical Ecology May Tell Us
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作者: Conxita Avila, Xavier Buñuel, Francesc Carmona, Albert Cotado, Oriol Sacristán-Soriano and Carlos Angulo-Preckler
期刊: Marine Drugs
许多南极海洋大型底栖无脊椎动物受到不同类型海洋天然产物的化学保护，以防止被捕食。南极潜在捕食动物主要包括生活在同一地区（同域）的海星（大型捕食动物）和端足目甲壳动物（微型捕食动物）。近期，有报道称外来物种（异域）已到达南极海岸，而深水蟹被认为更常出现在浅水区。我们决定通过使用非本土的同域通食型捕食者作为潜在外来物种的替代物，研究来自7个不同门类的29种具有代表性的南极海洋底栖大型无脊椎动物在遭捕食时化学防御的影响。研究选定的南极物种包括：14种多孔动物，2种刺胞动物，2种环状动物，1种纽形动物，2种苔藓动物，3种棘皮动物和5种脊索动物（被囊动物亚门）。以上南极海洋大型底栖无脊椎动物中，大多数物种都对异域通食型端足类动物启动化学防御，而在面对来自温带水域的异域通食型螃蟹时则不启动。因此，由于无法进行化学防御，大型深水螃蟹潜在的重新定殖，或非本地通食性螃蟹物种的入侵，都有可能永久改变这些物种群落的本质，再加上温度升高提高了外来物种的存活概率，这对南极海洋底栖动物构成巨大威胁。
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（实习生申澳编译）
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Fig. 2 Micropredation results for Antarctic marine invertebrate lipophilic extracts against Mediterranean amphipods (Fam. Lysianassidae). *: statistically significant differences with respect to the control (p < 0.05) using the Wilcoxon test. Control boxes are shown in gray; extract lipophilic fractions in orange. Ca; Clathria sp. Ma; Mycale acerata. Da: Dendrilla antarctica. Kv; Kirkpatrickia variolosa. Is; Isodictya sp. Ac; Axinella crinita. Ha; Haliclona sp. Ha1; Haliclona sp1. Ha2; Haliclona sp2. Hy; Hydroidea sp. Ah; Alcyonium haddoni. Po; Harmothoe sp. Te; Terebellidae sp. Pc; Parborlasia corrugatus. Bl; Bugula longissima. Br; Cheilostomata sp. Ab; Abatus sp. Db; Diplasterias brucei. Ly; Lysasterias sp. | |
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Many Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates are chemically protected against predation by marine natural products of different types. Antarctic potential predators mostly include sea stars (macropredators) and amphipod crustaceans (micropredators) living in the same areas (sympatric). Recently, alien species (allopatric) have been reported to reach the Antarctic coasts, while deep-water crabs are suggested to be more often present in shallower waters. We decided to investigate the effect of the chemical defenses of 29 representative Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates from seven different phyla against predation by using non-native allopatric generalist predators as a proxy for potential alien species. The Antarctic species tested included 14 Porifera, two Cnidaria, two Annelida, one Nemertea, two Bryozooa, three Echinodermata, and five Chordata (Tunicata). Most of these Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates were chemically protected against an allopatric generalist amphipod but not against an allopatric generalist crab from temperate waters. Therefore, both a possible recolonization of large crabs from deep waters or an invasion of non-native generalist crab species could potentially alter the fundamental nature of these communities forever since chemical defenses would not be effective against them. This, together with the increasing temperatures that elevate the probability of alien species surviving, is a huge threat to Antarctic marine benthos.
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单细胞测量与建模揭示原绿球藻获取大量有机碳机制
Single-Cell Measurements and Modelling Reveal
Substantial Organic Carbon Acquisition by Prochlorococcus
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作者: Zhen Wu, Dikla Aharonovich, Dalit Roth-Rosenberg, Osnat Weissberg, Tal Luzzatto-Knaan, Angela Vogts, Luca Zoccarato, Falk Eigemann, Hans-Peter Grossart, Maren Voss, Michael J. Follows and Daniel Sher
期刊: Nature Microbiology
海洋浮游植物贡献了地球上约一半的光合作用，其中许多是兼具光合作用自养和有机碳同化异养的混合营养型生物。但这两种营养方式的相对贡献尚不明确。研究通过单细胞测量发现，地中海东部真光层底部的原绿球藻通过光合作用获取的碳仅占生长所需总量的20%左右。通过基于光生理学参数的实验室校准计算并与原绿球藻的原位生长率进行比较证实了上述发现。基于主体的模拟表明，混合营养型生物能够生存的最大深度比专性自养生物深几十米，使得营养跃层加深约20米。北大西洋和北太平洋的时间序列表明，在热分层期间，平均8-10%的原球藻细胞在没有足够光照的情况下生存，以维持专性自养个体的生存。这些结果共同表明，混合营养是全球大部分原绿球藻取得生态成功及集体遗传多样性的基础。
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（实习生江薇编译）
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 | Fig. 3 a, Depth profiles of PAR, NO2 + NO3 and chlorophyll (Chl). b, Phytoplankton cell counts using flow cytometry. c, Relative abundance of different Prochlorococcus clades across the water column, determined by ITS sequencing (HLI denotes high-light-adapted clade I, HLII denotes high-light-adapted clade II, LLI denotes low-light-adapted clade I, LLII/III denotes low-light-adapted clades II and III, LLIV denotes low-light-adapted clade IV, LLVII denotes low-light-adapted clade VII, Syn denotes Synechococcus). d, Density plots of Prochlorococcus per-cell chlorophyll fluorescence (FL). Note the change in chlorophyll fluorescence (d) without a concomitant change in population structure (c) between 65 m and 100 m. Note also the presence of LL clades above 115 m and HL clades at 125 m (c) while a double population is observed only at 115 m (d). The circles in d represent the populations sorted and analysed by NanoSIMS, and are colour-coded as in e. e, Density plots of the ratios of C-specific C uptake rate (μC) to N-specific N uptake rate (μN) from NanoSIMS analysis of each sorted subpopulation from 115 m, the single population from 125 m, and lab cultures. The numbers of cells measured in each population are 45 (LL 115 m), 49 (HL 115 m), 55 (125 m) and 489 (lab culture).The scatter plots and gates used for these analyses are shown in Extended Data Fig. 1 | |
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Marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the photosynthesis on Earth. Many are mixotrophs, combining photosynthesis with heterotrophic assimilation of organic carbon, but the relative contribution of these two lifestyles is unclear. Here single-cell measurements reveal that Prochlorococcus at the base of the photic zone in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea obtain only ~20% of carbon required for growth by photosynthesis. This is supported by laboratory-calibrated calculations based on photo-physiology parameters and compared with in situ growth rates. Agent-based simulations show that mixotrophic cells could grow tens of metres deeper than obligate photo-autotrophs, deepening the nutricline by ~20 m. Time series from the North Atlantic and North Pacific indicate that, during thermal stratification, on average 8–10% of the Prochlorococcus cells live without enough light to sustain obligate photo-autotrophic populations. Together, these results suggest that mixotrophy underpins the ecological success of a large fraction of the global Prochlorococcuspopulation and its collective genetic diversity.
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评估和减轻近海风能开发对海洋鸟类影响的框架
Framework for Assessing and Mitigating
the Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Marine Birds
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作者：Donald A. Croll, Aspen A. Ellis, Josh Adams, Aonghais S.C.P. Cook, Stefan Garthe, Morgan Wing Goodale, C. Scott Hall, Elliott Hazen, Bradford S. Keitt, Emma C. Kelsey, Jeffery B. Leirness, Don E. Lyons, Matthew W. McKown, Astrid Potiek, Kate R. Searle, Floor H. Soudijn, R. Cotton Rockwood, Bernie R. Tershy, Martin Tinker, Eric A. VanderWerf, Kathryn A. Williams, Lindsay Young , Kelly Zilliacus
期刊：Biological Conservation
近海风能开发（OWED）正在全球快速扩张，并且有可能对可再生能源组合做出重大贡献。然而，海洋环境基础设施的开发会给野生动物带来风险，特别是海洋鸟类，其生活史特征更是增强了近海风能基础设施位移和碰撞对种群数量的影响。本文提出了一个广泛适用的框架，以评估和减轻近海风能开发对海洋鸟类的影响。我们概述了通过监测和建模来量化影响的现有技术（如碰撞风险模型，种群活力分析），并提出了一个有力的减弱框架来避免、减轻或者补偿近海风电的影响。我们的框架处理了在多种风能发展中的多样压力源的背景下的影响。我们也提出了技术上和方法论上能提高影响预估和减弱的途径。我们重点突出了补偿减弱这一可以被纳入监管框架的工具，它可以减弱那些无法通过选址决策或改变近海风能开发基础设施或操作带来的影响。我们的框架意在作为一种全球性的评估方法，用于评估和减轻近海风能开发对海洋鸟类的影响，并且能根据现有的或计划中的近海风能开发地区的监管框架进行调整。
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（实习生熊坤编译）
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Fig. 4 Flowchart of approaches for assessment and mitigation of impacts for marine birds in a region under consideration for and/or following development of offshore wind energy infrastructure. Dotted lines indicate where outputs inform subsequent modeling approaches. This flowchart describes the steps useful to quantify impacts, however, in many cases the mitigation approaches described may be most effectively implemented as precautions prior to the collection of data necessary to fully validate models. Though population viability analysis is shown here as a post-construction step, we note that population modeling is the product of long-term data collection which must also occur pre-development and development. See text for discussion of the varying levels of development and/or certainty in the monitoring, modeling, and mitigation approaches included (e.g., the efficacy of impact minimization via operational alterations to wind turbines is not yet well tested in the marine environment). | |
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Offshore wind energy development (OWED) is rapidly expanding globally and has the potential to contribute significantly to renewable energy portfolios. However, development of infrastructure in the marine environment presents risks to wildlife. Marine birds in particular have life history traits that amplify population impacts from displacement and collision with offshore wind infrastructure. Here, we present a broadly applicable framework to assess and mitigate the impacts of OWED on marine birds. We outline existing techniques to quantify impact via monitoring and modeling (e.g., collision risk models, population viability analysis), and present a robust mitigation framework to avoid, minimize, or compensate for OWED impacts. Our framework addresses impacts within the context of multiple stressors across multiple wind energy developments. We also present technological and methodological approaches that can improve impact estimation and mitigation. We highlight compensatory mitigation as a tool that can be incorporated into regulatory frameworks to mitigate impacts that cannot be avoided or minimized via siting decisions or alterations to OWED infrastructure or operation. Our framework is intended as a globally-relevant approach for assessing and mitigating OWED impacts on marine birds that may be adapted to existing regulatory frameworks in regions with existing or planned OWED.
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感官威慑以减少海洋巨型动物兼捕量的系统综述
A Systematic Review of Sensory Deterrents
for Bycatch Mitigation of Marine Megafauna
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作者：Sol Lucas and Per Berggren
期刊：Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
海洋巨型动物对于海洋生态系统的健康至关重要，它们的消失会导致食物网崩溃。降低海洋巨型动物死亡率的方法可能会导致科学家、环保主义者、渔民和渔业管理部门之间的冲突，因为这些方法可能会对目标渔获量、收入和粮食安全产生实际或预期的影响。感官威慑已被用于尝试减少兼捕量并保持目标渔获量和质量。本文完成了对1991年和2022年之间发表的116篇论文和25篇文献综述的系统回顾，以研究感官威慑在四个海洋巨型动物分类群（海洋哺乳动物、海龟、海鸟和板腮亚纲类）中减少兼捕量的潜力。刺网上的灯是迄今为止唯一能够显著减少所有四个分类群兼捕量的技术。很难概括感官威慑的功效及其持续减少兼捕量的能力。每种方法的效果取决于环境，因物种、渔场和环境特征而异。建议在田野调查中开展进一步研究，评估所有感官威慑方式（包括威慑组合）的兼捕量减少状况，以评估对目标和非目标物种的影响。尽管降低脆弱物种的死亡率仍应是保护渔民所赖以生存的生态系统的首要任务，但与习惯、生境排斥以及渔具周围觅食相关的问题也非常重要。许多渔场需要采取多种补充措施，以实现一直以来减少兼捕量的目标。如果实施得当，感官威慑可在其中发挥一定作用。
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（实习生齐千萌编译）
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Fig. 5 Flowchart detailing the literature screening process. Full details of the screening process can be found in (Haddaway et al. 2017, 2018). A report detailing the protocol for this study can be found in Online Resource 1. The outputs represent 116 studies investigating sensory bycatch mitigations in trials and 25 review papers, which are included in the narrative but excluded from the data extraction and analysis | |
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Marine megafauna are critical for marine ecosystem health and their removal can cause food webs to collapse. Methods to reduce marine megafauna mortality can result in conflict between scientists, conservationists, fishers and fisheries management due to real or perceived effects on target catch, income and food security. Sensory deterrents have been used in attempts to mitigate bycatch and retain target catch quantity and quality. Here, we completed a systematic review of 116 papers, plus 25 literature reviews published between 1991 and 2022, to investigate potential for sensory deterrents to mitigate bycatch across four marine megafauna taxonomic groups (marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds and elasmobranchs). Lights on gillnets are the only technology so far to result in significant bycatch reductions across all four taxonomic groups. It is difficult to make generalisations about the efficacy of sensory deterrents and their ability to deliver consistent bycatch reductions. The efficacy of each method is context dependent, varying with species, fishery and environmental characteristics. Further research is recommended for field studies assessing bycatch mitigation in all sensory deterrents, including combinations of deterrents, to assess effects on target and non-target species. The associated issues of habituation, habitat exclusion and foraging around fishing gear are important, although reducing mortality of vulnerable species should remain the highest priority for conservation and preserving ecosystems that fishers depend on. Multiple complementary measures will be required to achieve consistent bycatch reduction targets in many fisheries, of which sensory deterrents could play some part if implemented appropriately.
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生态概念与海洋水色模型耦合：浮游植物大小结构
Coupling Ecological Concepts with
An Ocean-Colour Model: Phytoplankton Size Structure
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作者：Xuerong Sun, Robert J.W. Brewin, Shubha Sathyendranath, Giorgio Dall’Olmo, Ruth Airs, Ray Barlow, Astrid Bracher, Vanda Brotas, Malika Kheireddine, Tarron Lamont, Emilio Marañón, Xosé Anxelu G. Morán, Dionysios E. Raitsos, Fang Shen, Gavin H. TilstoneJenn
期刊：Remote Sensing of Environment
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浮游植物在重要元素和化合物的地球循环中发挥着核心作用。因此，了解浮游植物如何应对气候变化是地球科学的一个主要问题。回答这个问题的关键就是监测浮游植物。海洋水色卫星遥感是我们在短时间内和大规模空间尺度上监测整个表层海洋浮游植物的唯一手段，连续的海洋水色数据记录现在已经可用于处理气候变化相关问题，至少在某些地区是如此。然而，开发用于研究气候变化的海洋水色算法需要解决海洋水色信号中的模糊性问题。例如，对于相同浮游植物的叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)，海洋的水色可能因浮游植物的类型而不同。解决模糊问题的一个方法是通过海表温度(SST)的信息来丰富海洋水色数据，海表温度是三种浮游植物大小等级(PSCs)变化的良好代表，与总叶绿素a浓度的变化无关，总叶绿素a浓度是衡量浮游植物生物量的指标。利用全球高效液相色谱(HPLC)色素表面原位数据集、尺寸-分馏过滤数据和1991-2021年同期卫星海表温度数据，我们重新调整、验证和改进了与海表温度有关的的三组分模型，量化了与三种PSCs(兆米浮游生物、纳米浮游生物和微浮游生物)相关的叶绿素a浓度和总叶绿素a浓度之间的关系。与之前的研究相似，模型参数和海表温度之间呈显著的相关性，这项发现可以显著提高模型性能。将这些数据关系应用于40年来卫星收集到的海平面温度数据资料，可观察到在全球范围内模型参数呈显著变化趋势，以应对气候变暖。这些参数的变化突出显示了使用标准经验算法用海洋水色估计浮游植物生物量(叶绿素a浓度)长期趋势中的问题，这些算法隐含地假设三种类型的叶绿素a浓度和总叶绿素a浓度之间有固定关系。我们提议的生态模型将成为日后新海洋水色模型框架的中心，该框架旨在调查浮游植物对气候变化的反应，将在本系列论文的后续部分加以介绍。
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（实习生吕晴编译）
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Phytoplankton play a central role in the planetary cycling of important elements and compounds. Understanding how phytoplankton are responding to climate change is consequently a major question in Earth Sciences. Monitoring phytoplankton is key to answering this question. Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour is our only means of monitoring phytoplankton in the entire surface ocean at high temporal and large spatial scales, and the continuous ocean-colour data record is now approaching a length suitable for addressing questions around climate change, at least in some regions. Yet, developing ocean-colour algorithms for climate change studies requires addressing issues of ambiguity in the ocean-colour signal. For example, for the same chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) of phytoplankton, the colour of the ocean can be different depending on the type of phytoplankton present. One route to tackle the issue of ambiguity is by enriching the ocean-colour data with information on sea surface temperature (SST), a good proxy of changes in three phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) independent of changes in total Chl-a, a measure of phytoplankton biomass. Using a global surface in-situdataset of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) pigments, size-fractionated filtration data, and concurrent satellite SST spanning from 1991 to 2021, we re-tuned, validated and advanced an SST-dependent three-component model that quantifies the relationship between total Chl-a and Chl-a associated with the three PSCs (pico-, nano- and microplankton). Similar to previous studies, striking dependencies between model parameters and SST were captured, which were found to improve model performance significantly. These relationships were applied to 40 years of monthly composites of satellite SST, and significant trends in model parameters were observed globally, in response to climate warming. Changes in these parameters highlight issues in estimating long-term trends in phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) from ocean colour using standard empirical algorithms, which implicitly assume a fixed relationship between total Chl-a and Chl-a of the three size classes. The proposed ecological model will be at the centre of a new ocean-colour modelling framework, designed for investigating the response of phytoplankton to climate change, described in subsequent parts of this series of papers.
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Disclaimer: This column is a new trial to share cutting-edge research with wider academic community. The Chinese is not an official translation, while the English is invoked from original publication. If there is anything inappropriate, please contact [email protected] to correct us or request for a retraction.
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Website: imber.ecnu.edu.cn
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IMBeR International Project Office - China
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University
500 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200241, China
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