March 2021,
No. 13
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Editors: Kai QIN, Tracey Woodhouse and Fang ZUO from IMBeR IPOs
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可持续海洋治理的整合：从业人员模式
The Quilt of Sustainable Ocean Governance:
Patterns for Practitioners
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作者：Stephenson RL, Hobday AJ, Allison EH, Armitage D, Brooks K, Bundy A, Cvitanovic C, Dickey-Collas M, Grilli NM, Gomez C, Jarre A, Kaikkonen L, Kelly R, López R, Muhl E-K, Pennino MG, Tam JC, Van Putten I
近几十年来，海洋学者和相关从业人员对识别和制定管理海洋系统活动的最佳方法予以持续关注，从而提出了一系列概念性设想，诸如社会生态系统方法、生态系统管理、综合管理、海洋空间规划、参与式管理和预防性措施等。迄今为止，这些概念都是单独地提出，在文献的使用和比对上并无交叉。在海洋管理的应用方面，亦是单独实施，且相互之间呈现竞争性关系。拼凑式的实施可能对海洋治理产生负面效应。
作者们建议将这些概念性方案中的精华抽提出来，并且完成融合，整合为更有效和公平的跨背景，跨部门，跨尺度海洋治理方案。本文中涉及到的管理概念，源自2019年IMBeR第二届“未来海洋”开放科学大会的多位参会者。本文的撰写目的是更有效地整合这些概念，从而促进海洋可持续性研究产出更大的成果。
本文从三个方面综述和比对了这些概念：综合确立可持续发展目标的必要性；这些管理概念间的异同；概念在实际管理，政策和法规中的扮演的角色。综合来看，这些概念在生态和体制或治理方面的设计最为充分，在经济方面的考虑相对充分，而在全面可持续性的社会文化支柱建设方面最为欠缺。这些概念之中没有万能药，也没有层级关系。一些概念更适合自上而下的基于立法的体系，而另一些概念则需要更多自下而上的利益相关者驱动的体系。对于不同体系中核心概念的选择将在很大程度上取决于所关注的情境（或领域）的法律和政策的规定和需求。单个管理概念的影响力或支配性终归是有限的，从实用的角度来说，不同的概念适用于不同的领域，始终需要在管理中，将概念和目标结合在一起以实现可持续发展的核心诉求。
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In recent decades, scientists and practitioners have increasingly focused on identifying and codifying the best ways to manage activities in marine systems, leading to the development and implementation of concepts such as the social-ecological systems approach, ecosystem-based management, integrated management, marine spatial planning, participatory co-management, and the precautionary approach. To date, these concepts appear as separate entities: they have parallel literature streams; have been applied most often individually in attempts to improve governance and management; and in many ways, seem to be competing for attention. This patchwork of approaches may be hindering effective ocean governance.
The authors propose that desirable features from these frameworks could be woven together to form the basis of more effective and equitable ocean governance arrangements across contexts, sectors, and scales. This paper, which originated from a workshop/session at the IMBeR 2019 Future Oceans2 Open Science Conference brought together experts in these diverse concepts with the objective of producing a synthesis of how they could be more effectively integrated for improved ocean sustainability outcomes.
The paper reviewed and compared the concepts in terms of (a) the need to achieve a comprehensive suite of sustainability objectives, (b) similarities and differences in their scope, and (c) their place in practical management, policy and regulation. The concepts are especially strong for ecological and institutional or governance considerations, moderately strong for economic aspects, and weakest for the social-cultural pillar of full spectrum sustainability. There is no panacea, and no emergent hierarchy among concepts. Some concepts fit better with top-down legislation-based efforts, others with more bottom-up stakeholder driven efforts. The selection of the core concepts for a situation will depend in a large part on which concepts are specified, or demand focus, in the legal and policy context of the situation (or area) of interest. No matter how influential or dominant a single concept might be, pragmatically, different concepts will be used in different areas, and there may always be the need for a combination of concepts and objectives woven together to achieve a cohesive quilt of sustainability.
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