IL-2 and IL-2 Receptor Proteins

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pluripotent cytokine that plays a crucial role in the immune system response. The core logic of drug development around IL-2 modification is to disrupt the binding of this molecule to IL-2Rα while retaining/enhancing the affinity for the IL-2Rβγ dimer receptor.

IL-4 and IL-4 Receptor Proteins

IL-4R and cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are key regulators in humoral and adaptive immunity. Thus, the development of therapies targeting the IL-13/IL-4/IL-4R and its intracellular signaling pathway is a promising innovative strategy.

IL-6 and IL-6 Receptor Proteins

Emerging evidence suggests that increased levels of IL-6 are associated with a higher risk of cancer and other diseases. Targeting this pathway may expand to the treatment of several other symptoms, such as uveitis, neuromyelitis optica, and more recently, COVID-19 pneumonia.

VEGF: Cutting off tumor's feeding channel

VEGF family members exert their effects through interactions with a family of three VEGF receptors. VEGF is up-regulated when it is overexpressed in many tumors. Therefore, it becomes a hot target of drug development for tumors.

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Family

Many types of tumor cells overexpress IGF-IR to promote resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. To overcome this resistance, IGF / IGF-IR targeted therapies have become a viable cancer treatment strategy.

Interferon (IFN) Family Proteins

The correlation of both type I and II IFN responses to oncogenic properties has highlighted it as a significant pathway for targeted cancer drug resistance. Thus, targeted therapies inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling by IFN can be a therapeutic modality to overcome resistance to therapeutic agents.

Chemokine Family Proteins

In chemokine-based therapies, chemokines are highly redundant in binding to receptors, the same receptor can bind to different chemokines, and vice versa. Therefore, by simultaneously inhibiting chemokine and its receptor, the therapeutic effect can be healthier and last longer.

The Complement System, An Innate Immunity Station

Complement-targeted therapies has been a very active field in recent years, and complement-targeted drugs that intervene at the signaling cascade level can help to better tailor therapeutic strategies and allow such strategies to be applied to a wider range of indications.