Bulletin
March 2022
In this issue:
  • Village Election
  • Message from the President
  • Voter Service Information
  • Upcoming Events
  • Recent Events
  • Other Announcements
Mark Your Calendars!


Tuesday, March 15, 2022
6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.

Scarsdale Public Library
Scott Room
54 Olmsted Rd

The Village Election will take place on Tuesday, March 15, from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. All election Districts will be voting at the Scarsdale Public Library, 54 Olmsted Road. All COVID-19 protocols set forth by the CDC for polling locations will be followed. 

On the ballot, three candidates are running for three Village Trustee positions.  


Registration Information 

Friday, March 4: Last day to register with Westchester County Board of Elections to be eligible to vote in the Village Election. Here is the form to register to vote. You must be a registered voter at your current address in the Village of Scarsdale to vote in the Village Election. If you have any questions about your voter registration status, please call the Westchester County Board of Elections at (914) 995-2000 or check the website. You may also check the the website of the New York State Board of Elections.


Absentee Ballot Information 

Tuesday, March 8: Last day for the Village Clerk to receive applications for absentee ballots to be mailed to qualified voters. Voters can get an absentee ballot application online from the Village's website, request one by phone or mail from the Village Clerk, or obtain one at the Village Clerk’s Office in Village Hall. Note: All voters can still apply to vote by absentee ballot using the temporary illness clause if there is a risk of contracting a disease (such as COVID-19). 

Monday, March 14: Last day for the Village Clerk to receive in-person applications for an absentee ballot from an applicant or applicant’s agent. 

Tuesday, March 15: Date of Village Election - Last day to drop off absentee ballots in-person (1) in the drop box at the Scarsdale Public Library any time before polls close at 9pm, or (2) in the drop box at Village Hall any time before it closes at 5pm. Also, this is the last day that absentee ballots sent via mail may be received by Village Hall. 

For additional information, you may visit the Village’s Local Election Information Page. 
Message from the President
As we head towards spring, I hope that the worst of the pandemic is behind us and that you and your families are well. The League of Women Voters of Scarsdale has continued its work, bringing important voter information and engaging programming to the community during these uncertain times.  

The LWVS has been busy with local civic engagement during the past month. We held our Annual Program Consensus meeting to devise a Proposed Local Program 2022-23 on which we will vote at our annual meeting on May 6. We also made recommendations to the LWVW and LWVUS on their programming for the upcoming year. In addition, the 2021-22 LWVS SBNC Election Consensus Statement was finalized, released and sent to the SBNC Administrative Committee.

March will continue to be another active month. On March 14, we will consider whether to concur on an LWVNYS position on Voting for Incarcerated Individuals. In addition, we will hold information and consensus meetings on the School and Village Budgets. The School Budget Information and Consensus meeting will be on March 24, and the Village Budget Information and Consensus meeting will be on March 29. Please join us for all of these important meetings.

The League of Women Voters of NYS is hosting in-person Regional Training Meetings across the state in March and early April, including one at the Scarsdale Woman’s Club on April 2. All members are invited to attend any or all of the workshops. To attend, you must register in advance by completing this form.

On April 3, we look forward to our first in-person event of 2022, an author visit at the Scarsdale Public Library with Dorothy Wickenden who will be discussing her recent book, The Agitators: Three Friends Who Fought for Abolition and Women’ Rights.  

Please remember to vote in the upcoming Village Election on March 15. I also encourage you to participate in the School and Village budget meetings as they progress this month. Community input is essential in helping decide the priorities for the year ahead.

I encourage you to stay engaged and active citizens – your citizen participation will serve to enhance and strengthen our democracy!
 
Upcoming LWVS Events:
 
  • Monday, March 14, 10 a.m., LWVNY Concurrence on Voting for Incarcerated Individuals via Zoom
  • Thursday, March 24, 10 a.m., School Budget Information and Consensus Meeting via Zoom
  • Tuesday, March 29, at 9:00 a.m., Village Budget Information and Consensus Meeting via Zoom
  • Saturday, April 2, 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m., LWVNYS Regional Training Meeting, Scarsdale Woman’s Club, 37 Drake Road
  • Sunday, April 3, 3 p.m., Author Event with Dorothy Wickenden, author of The Agitators: Three Friends Who Fought for Abolition and Civil Rights. Organized by LWVS and Scarsdale Public Library
 
Best wishes,
Alissa Baum
Voter Service Information
State & Federal Redistricting


After New York State’s newly-created Independent Redistricting Commission failed to propose one set of US Congressional, NY Senate and NY Assembly maps to the NY State Legislature, the Legislature, within days, passed bills proposing its own maps, without any public hearing or opportunity for public comment or questions. Governor Hochul signed the bills into law on Feb 3. The Scarsdale League shares in the disappointment of the New York State League with this process and, in particular, with the Legislature’s failure to allow for public input. 
 
The maps below show the new district lines in an easy, interactive format:
 
 
The League is pleased to see that the town of Scarsdale has been kept intact in the US Congressional, NY State Assembly and NY State Senate maps. Previously, a small portion of the Greenacres neighborhood was located in US Congressional District 17, while the rest of Scarsdale was in District 16. However, the League is disappointed to see that Westchester County has been divided among four US Congressional districts, thereby diluting the voice of the County in Congress.
US Congress member Jamal Bowman will continue to represent Scarsdale in District 16. 

NY State Assembly member Amy Paulin will continue to represent Scarsdale in District 88. 

District numbers for the NY State Senate have changed due to the addition of two new districts in New York City. (The total number of districts remains at 63.) Scarsdale will no longer be in District 35, which is currently represented by Senate Majority Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins. Scarsdale will be in new District 39 and will likely be represented by Senator Shelley Mayer.
County Redistricting 

County redistricting is a separate process from state and federal redistricting. In Westchester County, redistricting is required only “if necessary.” The Westchester County Board of Legislators has announced that they plan to draw new maps this year, but they do not yet have any definitive or detailed redistricting plan. The current Westchester County district lines may be viewed on the Westchester County Board of Legislators website. Westchester County Legislator Benjamin Boykin currently represents Scarsdale in District 5.
Voting Reform: Absentee Ballots

The League is pleased that on January 21, Governor Hochul signed into law an important voting reform that extends, through 2022, legislation allowing COVID-19 as an excuse for absentee voting in elections. The ballot measure to codify this reform in the NY State Constitution was defeated in November, but this new law maintains the reform for now.
Pending Voting Reforms Being Considered in NYS

On January 10, the NY State Senate passed additional voting measures which are awaiting consideration by the Assembly. These measures include:

  • Voter Registration at Second Residence: codifies the right of voters to register at a second residence. 
  • Democracy Preservation Act: prohibits corporate contributions from companies owned by foreign entities or owners. 
  • Polling Place On College Campuses: designates polling places for voting on college campuses under certain circumstances. 
  • Candidate Order on Ballots: adjusts the candidate order on ballots to prevent voter dropoff. 
  • Portable Polling Locations for Early Voting: amends the election law to allow counties the option to establish two or more locations for portable polling places for early voting. 
  • Absentee Ballot Drop-off Box Locations: allows local Board of Elections to establish absentee ballot drop-off locations. 
  • Validation of Ballots: requires the canvassing of paper ballots when the express intentions of the voter are unambiguous. 
  • Counting of Affidavit Ballots: requires counting affidavit ballots of eligible voters if a voter appears at a polling place in the correct county but in the incorrect election district. 
  • Reduction of Time for Mailing and Receipty of Registration to Constitutional Minimum: reduces the time to register to vote to the Constitutional minimum, ten days before an election for primary and general elections.
Westchester County Board of Legislators Milestone

The Westchester County Board of Legislators began the 2022-2023 legislative term electing District 9 Legislator Catherine Borgia as Chair, and District 6 Legislator Nancy Barr as Vice Chair. Borgia is only the second woman to serve as Chair. This is the first time in the Board’s history that women will simultaneously fill both the Chair and Vice Chair posts.
Upcoming Events
March
  • 3/14, Monday:
  • 9:00 a.m. Board Meeting
  • 10 a.m. Information and Concurrence Meeting (Voting for Incarcerated Individuals)
  • 3/15, Tuesday:
  • 6:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m. Village Election, Scarsdale Public Library, Scott Room
  • 3/24, Thursday:
  • 10:00 a.m. Information Session and Consensus Meeting (School Budget)
  • 3/29, Tuesday:
  • 9:00 a.m. Information Session and Consensus Meeting (Village Budget)

April
  • 4/2, Saturday:
  • 9:00 a.m. LWVNYS Regional Training Meeting
  • 4/3, Sunday:
  • 3:00 p.m. Author Event with Dorothy Wickenden. Organized by LWVS and Scarsdale Public Library
  • 4/4, Monday:
  • 9:00 a.m. Board Meeting

May
  • 5/6, Friday:
  • 10:00 a.m. LWVS Annual Membership Meeting
LWVS General Membership and Consensus Meeting:
2022-23 School Budget
 
 Thursday, March 24, 2022
10:00 a.m. via Zoom
Meeting ID: 815 5212 7117
Passcode: 280062

The LWVS will hold its School Budget Information and Consensus meeting on Thursday, March 24 at 10:00 a.m. via Zoom. Please join us!

The current draft 2022-23 Budget is $174,379,876; up 4.50% from the approved 2021-22
Budget. The projected increase in the Tax Levy of the current draft budget amount is
4.04% and the projected Tax Cap is 3.50%. The Projected Tax Rate Increase is 3.02% for the Town of Scarsdale and 4.28% for the Town of Mamaroneck. The current draft of the 2022-23 Budget is $845,140 above the Tax Cap. The resulting budget may change during the subsequent budget discussions listed below.

Some highlights of the draft 2022-23 Budget are:
  • Contractual salary increases for all employees including teacher retirements and proposed increased staffing, totaling $4.509 million. 
  • Increased staffing, including (among others): an elementary math teacher, middle school science teacher, middle school special education teacher, and middle and high school psychologists and social workers. 

Other 2022-23 Primary Budget Drivers include:
  • Employee Benefits. Total Increase: $1.581 million 
  • Special Education. Total Increase: $636 thousand (net of salaries) 
  • Security – Security equipment decreasing. Total: $150 thousand 
  • Technology – Wi-Fi Improvements Total Increase: $252 thousand 

TOTAL DRIVER IMPACT: $7.517 million

There was one dedicated session to receive public input on the budget on November 17th, 2021.

Upcoming School Budget dates:
  • Monday, March 7 at 6:00 p.m., Budget Study Session #2
  • Monday, March 21 at 6:30 p.m., Budget Study Session #3
  • Monday, March 28 at 6:00 p.m., Community Budget Forum and Review
  • Monday, April 4 at 6:30 p.m, Board of Education adopts the Budget
  • Tuesday, May 17, Board of Education Public Budget Vote

Follow this link to the LWVS Budget Questions and District Responses.
LWVS General Membership and Consensus Meeting:
2022-23 Village Budget

Tuesday, March 29, 2022
9:00 a.m. via Zoom
Meeting ID: 889 2803 0696
Passcode: 585566

The LWVS will convene a General Membership Information Session followed by a Consensus Meeting on the 2022-23 Proposed Village Budget on Tuesday, March 29 at 9:00 a.m. via Zoom
 
Village Administration and the Board of Trustees held several working meetings from December through late February. In the "first pass" meeting, Village Trustees reviewed all of the departmental budget requests, attempting to envision needs for the next three to five years. This resulted in a funding gap of $6,424,000. In subsequent meetings, the Village categorized individual budget items as high, medium, and low priority in order to determine which items are funded in this year’s budget and which should be deferred to future years’ budgets.   

At the “second pass” meeting, Village staff offered 3 possible budget options: Option One requiring a 6.71% tax levy increase to fund all budget priorities; Option Two requiring a 4.06% tax levy increase to fund high and medium budget priorities; and Option 3 requiring a 3.05% tax levy increase to fund only high budget priorities. Village Trustees, mindful of the tax burden on residents, rejected Option 1 and will further examine the high and medium budget priorities to see which should be eliminated or deferred in order to reduce the resulting tax levy.

During Budget discussions, the Board has talked about the still uncertain state of recovery from Covid-19, in which certain revenues, e.g. parking permit fees, remain low and where rising inflation may have a negative impact. The Board's discussion has also touched on several aging infrastructure needs, including Village Hall and the Scarsdale Municipal Pool, the need to increase water rates, and the possibility of taking advantage of low interest rates to fund some of the Village’s financial needs through the issuance of bonds.
 
Upcoming Village Budget dates: 
  • Thursday, March 3, Village Board Work Session to discuss revisions to the second pass budget. The public is encouraged to attend.
  • Friday, March 18, Statutory date for Budget Officer to file 2022-2023 Tentative Budget with Village Clerk.
  • Tuesday, March 22, The Village Board will adopt a resolution to schedule a public hearing on the Tentative 2022-23 Budget.
  • Tuesday, April 26, The Village Board to vote on the final 2022-23 Budget (must be adopted prior to Sunday, May 1).
LWVS Author Visit:
Dorothy Wickenden

Sunday, April 3, 2022
3:00 p.m.
Scarsdale Public Library

Join us for a book talk with the author Dorothy Wickenden to hear about her book, The Agitators: Three Friends Who Fought for Abolition and Women’s Rights. This book examines the lives of three women – Frances Seward, Harriet Tubman, and Martha Coffin Wright – whose paths converged in the town of Auburn, New York, where they became collaborators in the fight for abolition and women’s suffrage as well as devoted friends.

Dorothy Wickenden is the author of Nothing Daunted and The Agitators and has been the executive editor of The New Yorker since January 1996. She also writes for the magazine and is the moderator of its weekly podcast The Political Scene. A former Nieman Fellow at Harvard, Wickenden was national affairs editor at Newsweek from 1993-1995, and before that was the longtime executive editor at The New Republic
The paperback edition of The Agitators is available for purchase with a 10% discount at Bronx River Books. For phone, email, and in-store purchases for either book, mention LWVS to receive the 10% discount. 

This event is organized by the League of Women Voters Scarsdale and the Scarsdale Public Library.

All members of the public are welcome to attend. Admission is free.
Recent Events
LWVS Consensus Statement on the
School Election System

On Friday, January 21, 2022, the LWVS held its annual general membership information session regarding this year’s School Board Nominating Committee (SBNC) election. Laura Liu and Laura Gelblum, SBNC Administrative Committee Election Chair and Vice Chair, presented and answered questions.

Links:
LWVS Winter Fundraiser with
Guest Speaker Khizr Khan

On Sunday, January 30, 2022, the LWVS hosted a conversation with Khizr Khan, moderated by former LWVS President, Linda Doucette-Ashman. More than 90 people signed on to the webinar to hear Mr. Khan’s story of inspiration and hope rooted in his utmost respect for the US Constitution.

Mr. Khan encouraged us to read the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution to understand that embedded in these documents is language to protect Human Rights, that every person deserves to be treated with dignity. He acknowledged that amendments, such as the 13th Amendment and the 19th Amendment, required sacrifice and struggle to achieve, and we as a country still have work to do. We must all engage in the political process and speak up. He reminded us that the key to democracy is to treat each other with dignity, compassion, and tolerance.

What makes our country so strong is the diversity of people with differences, religious, political, and cultural, who can work together. He reminded us that this is not the first time in our history that the US was in turmoil, but out of challenging times, we become better and stronger. Khan ended the evening with words of inspiration for our country: We are a beacon of hope for others in the world – it is our destiny.
LWVS General Membership and Consensus Meeting:
2022-23 Programming for our
Local, Westchester, and National Leagues

On Monday, February 7, 2022, the LWVS held a General Membership and Consensus meeting about our LWVS Proposed Program for 2022-23. Our proposed program will be voted on at our Annual Membership Meeting on Friday, May 6, 2022. 
 
 
As for national programming, the LWVS considered and ultimately supported the LWVUS’s proposed program focus, the Campaign for Making Democracy Work ®, which includes Voting Rights, Improving Elections, Redistricting, and Money in Politics. In addition, the LWVS reached concurrence on two issues it recommended for program consideration at the LWVUS Convention. 

The LWVS reached a consensus of YES to support including the following items for discussion and voting at the Convention:
  1. A proposal adding language from the 2021 LWVNYS Positions on Healthcare and Financing of Healthcare; and
  2. A proposal adding LWVCT positions on Universal High Speed Internet Access (Digital Equity) for All Residents of the United States and for Community Access and Public Affairs Media.
 
Comments from the LWVS have been sent to the LWVUS. For more information, please contact Alissa Baum at [email protected]
Other Announcements
Interested in the Renovation of the Scarsdale Pool Complex?
Join a League Committee to Study the Pool Renovation Process!
The Scarsdale Village Board of Trustees is currently evaluating whether to repair or renovate the Scarsdale Pool Complex. The LWVS is forming a Pool Study Committee to follow this process and needs members to be a part of this new committee. The Pool Study Committee will be interesting, intellectually engaging, and critical to our League’s work in the Scarsdale community. If you have any interest or just have questions, please contact Alissa Baum at [email protected].
2022 Youth Voter Engagement Pilot Project

The League of Women Voters of Scarsdale and the League of Women Voters of New Rochelle have teamed up to organize a Youth Voter Engagement Pilot Project in May to register students to vote at designated Westchester high schools.   

Part of the League’s mission is to educate citizens, including high school students, on the electoral process in order to help build a lifelong habit of voting and civic engagement. Minorities and citizens under the age of 35 are underrepresented in the voting booth. This Pilot Project, made possible by the League of Women Voters Education Fund, hopes to mitigate some of these voting disparities. 

If successful, this pilot will be expanded to many other school districts as an enduring, annual event. For more information, please contact Alissa Baum at [email protected].
Environmental Committee

The Environmental Committee has been busy offering a variety of programming opportunities and following important environmental legislation.
 
In January, the LWVW co-sponsored an excellent program on Electric School Buses. And, on April 13, the LWVW will be co-sponsoring a virtual forum on The Perils of Plastic with Erica Cirino, author of Thicker Than Water, and Jim Vallette, the lead researcher and author of Beyond Plastics, a new report which details how plastic production is set to overtake coal in greenhouse gas emissions. 
 
Regarding legislation, the LWVNYS, along with the NYPIRG, is supporting an effort to update New York’s 40-year old Bottle Bill to expand the kinds of containers covered by the program and to increase the five cent deposit, among other improvements.  
 
To find out more information on these and other programs and legislative positions, contact Susan Schwarz at [email protected].
Membership Announcements
Thank You

The LWVS cannot accomplish its mission without the support and hard work of a community of volunteers. I would like to extend thanks to the volunteers who contributed significant time and energy during the month of February.

Thanks to Suzie Hahn for her work on the School Budget portfolio. Thanks as well to Tracy Tang for her continued work on the Village Budget portfolio. Thanks to Jyoti Ruta for her thoughtful work on the SBNC Consensus Statement. Thanks to Elissa Ruback for her wise counsel and supportive work. 
 
Thanks to Lauren Hertzog Fields, Beatrice Sevcik, and Jessica Zellner for their work on Voter Service and for keeping the community informed about redistricting. Thanks to Lauren Tetenbaum Dorman and Cindy Yau for organizing Students Inside Albany and attracting a record number of student applicants.

Thanks to Dana Matsushita for her careful, thoughtful and detailed work on the LWVS Bulletin and for issuing timely eblasts to inform our membership of important events. Thanks to Joan Bowen for advertising our events as well as voter service information on social media.  
 
Thanks to Diane Baylor for taking such careful minutes at our meetings and for acting swiftly to ensure our website remains up-to-date.  
 
Thanks to Erika Rublin for her precise and detailed work as Treasurer. Thanks to Heedan Chung, Lauren Tetenbaum Dorman, and Jenny Tabak for their work on membership. Thanks to Sara Pinto and Cindy Yau for their work on programming. 
 
Thanks to Anne Lyons for her work on the LWVS winter finance drive and for her sage advice. Thanks to Kitt Rosenthal for being our liaison to the LWVW and for her important Board work.

Thank you to Janice Starr and the LWVS nominating committee, Kerry Hayes, Dalya Khan, Heedan Chung, and Elissa Ruback, for their work on the 2022-23 Board slate. 

Thanks to Nancy Michaels and the LWVS budget committee, Leah Dembitzer, Diane Baylor, Anne Lyons, Debbie Miller, and Erica Rublin.
 
Thanks to Evelyn Stock for her help with the Students Inside Albany program and to the 21 impressive and accomplished Scarsdale High School Students who applied. You make all of us confident that the future is in good hands.
 
We have a busy year ahead -- and I look forward to all of the positive work that lies before us.
 
Best wishes,
Alissa Baum
LWVS Nominating Committee
 
The 2021-22 LWVS Nominating Committee is calling for nominations to fill League Board Officer and Director positions for the 2022-23 year, as well as off-board member positions on the 2022-23 Nominating Committee.
 
The following is a list of our 2021-22 Nominating Committee members, all of whom are able to receive nominations for discussion and consideration:
  • Janice Starr* (Chair)
  • Heedan Chung
  • Kerry Hayes*
  • Dalya Khan*
  • Elissa Ruback

If you would like to nominate yourself or someone you know to be considered for the 2022-23 League Board or Nominating Committee, kindly contact 2021-22 Nominating Committee Chair Janice Starr at [email protected].
 
*Off-Board members were approved at our annual meeting in May, 2021.
Stay Connected!

The LWVS Bulletin is published monthly. To ensure that you receive our news directly, please provide your preferred email and physical mailing address when you renew your membership or join for the first time.

Bulletins will be sent via eblast and posted on our websiteFacebook page, and Twitter feed.

Contact us at [email protected] with any questions about your membership status or to change/update your contact information.
They Represent You
Village of Scarsdale

As of February 28, 2022
Board of Trustees

Jane Veron, Mayor
  Term ends April 2023
Justin Arest, Deputy Mayor
  2nd term ends April 2022
Sameer Ahuja
1st term ends April 2023
Karen Brew
1st term ends April 2023
Lena Crandall
  2nd term ends April 2022
Jonathan Lewis
  2nd term ends April 2023
Randall Whitestone
1st term ends April 2022
Board of Education

Karen Ceske, President
  1st term ends June 2022
Amber Yusuf, Vice President
  1st term ends June 2023
Jim Dugan
1st term ends June 2024
Carl Finger
  1st term ends June 2022
Robert Klein
  1st term ends June 2023
Jessica Resnick-Ault
1st term ends June 2024
Ronald Schulhof
  1st term ends June 2022
League of Women Voters of Scarsdale

2021-22


Officers

President: Alissa Baum

First Vice President: Elissa Ruback

Second Vice President: Anne Lyons

Recording Secretary: Diane Baylor

Corresponding Secretary: Dana Matsushita

Treasurer: Erika Rublin

2021-2022 Elected Board Members

Joan Bowen
Heedan Chung
Lauren Tetenbaum Dorman
Lauren Hertzog Fields
Suzie Hahn
Debbie Miller
Jyoti Ruta
Beatrice Sevcik
Jessica Zellner

Appointed Board Members

Renée Baylor (in memoriam)
Sara Pinto
Kitt Rosenthal
Jenny Simon Tabak
Cindy Yau


Committee Chairs
Advocacy: Alissa Baum

Audit: Amber Yusuf and Susan Lee Foley

Book Group: Jessica Zellner

Budget: Nancy Michaels (Off-Board)

Bulletin Editor: Dana Matsushita

Development/Finance Drive: Anne Lyons

Eblast/Publicity: Dana Matsushita

Environment/Sustainability: TBD

Hospitality: Kitt Rosenthal

Luncheons: Anne Lyons

LWVW Liaison: Kitt Rosenthal

Membership: Heedan Chung and Lauren Tetenbaum Dorman

Membership Statistician: Jenny Simon Tabak

Nominating Chair: Janice Starr (Off-Board)
Program/Education: Sara Pinto and Cindy Yau

School Budget: Suzie Hahn

School Election: Jyoti Ruta

Social Media: Joan Bowen

Voter Service: Lauren Hertzog Fields, Beatrice Sevcik, and Jessica Zellner

Students Inside Albany: Lauren Tetenbaum Dorman and Cindy Yau

Village Budget: Tracy Tang

Village Election: Diane Baylor

Website: Diane Baylor

Youth Engagement: Elissa Ruback
TRY Brochure: They Represent You

The TRY brochure, the directory of elected and appointed government officials published by the LWVS, is available on our website.
Democracy is Not a Spectator Sport – Get Involved!

The League of Women Voters
Creating A More Perfect Democracy For 100 Years
The League of Women Voters of Scarsdale (LWVS) is a volunteer nonpartisan political organization which promotes political responsibility through informed and active participation of citizens in government. The League is nonpartisan in that it does not support or oppose any candidate for public office; it is political in that it takes positions on selected governmental issues after serious member study and consensus.