In cage trials, nurse-aged bees generally preferred unadulterated sucrose solution in the summer, but showed a significant preference for virus-spiked solutions containing deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus or chronic bee paralysis virus in the fall. In field trials, forager bees exhibited significantly higher visitation to, and consumption of, sucrose solutions with high concentrations of DWV compared to low DWV or virus-free controls in both the spring and fall. |