“Grapevine Red Blotch Virus” by Helen Pennington* |
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Obviously, I’m a fan of all grape research. I enjoy attending academic conferences and listening to scientific talks, reading abstracts and sifting through industry media for the science that breaks through to the news. But what really makes my day is learning about research that takes the unexpected turn, when scientists come at a problem from a completely different, even opposite angle. And better yet, when it works!
Probably one of the first examples (for me) of this kind of research crossed my radar in 2019. Previous studies had shown that a specific blend of three volatile terpenes in the odor profile of grapevines attracted the destructive European Grapevine Moth, and that varying their ratio even a little bit could render vines practically invisible to the pest, from a scent perspective. So, a team led by Italian scientists set out to genetically modify vines to change the aroma they emit. The results? The aromatically altered plants were indeed less attractive to the moths! “With this evidence,” they concluded, “we suggest that a strategy based on volatile ratio modification may interfere with the host-finding behavior of L. botrana in the field, creating avenues for new pest control methods.”
Around the same time, another group from Cornell University pursued genetic methods to give a punch to the gut (literally!) of the dreaded grape mealybug, a vector of grapevine leafroll virus. Zeroing in on the pest’s preferred diet, grapevine sap, they used RNA Interference (RNAi) to genetically alter the digestive system of the mealybug to block the production of the enzymes needed to break down the sugary sap. The experimental treatment “significantly increased insect mortality over three days” and provided a new way to combat mealybugs—from the inside out.
In another of my favorite projects, USDA-ARS entomologist Rodrigo Krugner found he could use sound to disrupt the mating—and proliferation—of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, the vector for Pierce’s disease. Using specialized equipment, he devised a system to record and mimic the pest’s mating calls, which vibrate at high frequency through grapevines, then send them as vibrational signals along trellising, catch-wires, posts and other vineyard architecture. “We found that playback of the right signal prevented insects from communicating, which resulted in no mating,” he says. He continues to work to apply this technique to other economically important pests that communicate via vibration.
With Groundhog Day coming up this week, I’m reminded, not of Punxsutawney Phil and his shadow, but of the movie with Bill Murray, and how easy it is to get stuck in the routine, the mind-numbingly mundane. When faced with a problem that needs solving, the blank slate of brainstorming and ideation can be daunting. Yet these innovators engaged their creativity. Rather than attacking an issue head-on, they snuck up on it from behind and found a new and novel solution.
So, cheers to the out-of-the-box thinkers! May you light the way this and every Groundhog Day!
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*ABOUT THE IMAGE:
On her website, UK plant scientist Helen Pennington posts paintings each week of plant pathogens, recently adding this example of grapevine red blotch virus to her collection. Her quick watercolor sketches are “intended to show some or all of an idealised set of symptoms,” she says.
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Congrats to 2023 Rich Smith Award Recipient Marty Clubb
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At the Winegrape Growers of America (WGA) Annual Leadership Luncheon last week, Marty Clubb was presented the Rich Smith Award of Excellence, conferred on an industry colleague who exemplifies the passion, commitment and collaboration of beloved grape grower, winery owner and force for good, the late Rich Smith. NGRA, WineAmerica and WGA collaborate with the Smith Family to administer the award each year. For each organization, it is our highest honor.
Marty Clubb is owner and managing winemaker of L'Ecole No 41, a premium winery in Walla Walla, WA. He was instrumental in starting the Walla Walla Valley Wine Alliance and the Enology and Viticulture program at Walla Walla Community College. He has served in key roles at the Washington State Wine Commission (an NGRA member-organization), Washington Wine Institute and WineAmerica (also a member of NGRA).
“We are pleased to present this award to Marty Clubb, a WineAmerica colleague of my Dad,” said Rich’s son Jason Smith on behalf of Rich’s wife Claudia and daughter Kacy. “Not only did the two friends share a passion for our industry, but they also shared the innate spirit of collaboration that makes things happen.”
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Walk through the fruit section at your local grocery store or farmers market and you’re likely to pick up a grape, peach, nectarine, blackberry or blueberry with Dr. John R. Clark's fingerprints on it (metaphorically speaking). Over the course of his 42-plus-year career with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture and the Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station fruit breeder and Distinguished Professor of Horticulture has been the developer or co-developer of 8 1 varieties of fruit, including the first primocane-fruiting blackberries that flower and fruit on first-year canes that fundamentally changed blackberry production the world over. He's also renowned for several varieties of regionally suited wine grapes and for table grapes with unique flavors— Cotton Candy and Candy Hearts are among the most notable— that have generated worldwide excitement. He officially retires today.
“Dr. Clark and his program have changed the small-fruit industry both domestically and around the world,” said Wayne Mackay, head of the U of A Horticulture Department. “He has the unique ability to imagine what the consumer desires and then create varieties that match that need. This is most evident in his germplasm licensing that allowed the industry to create new flavored table grape varieties, such as Cotton Candy, that have changed what consumers expect in that product category,” Mackay said. “He is truly a game changer.”
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Jewel Bronaugh Stepping Down As Deputy Ag Secretary |
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Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Dr. Jewel Bronaugh announced last week that she is leaving USDA to spend more time with her family. Dr. Bronaugh is the first person of color to have ever served in her position, to which she was appointed in May 2021. She co-chairs USDA’s recently created Equity Commission, which advises USDA and Congress on ways to remove systemic inequities and reduce barriers to access to agency programs and resources. She also was instrumental in establishing a Chief Diversity and Inclusion Office within the Office of the Secretary to institutionalize and sustain USDA’s governance and management of diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility. |
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Sun-Maid Leadership Changes |
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As Sun-Maid Growers of California CEO Harry Overly takes the helm of another snacking company in Minnesota, the company has appointed him as Executive Chair, providing strategic guidance to the corporation. President Steve Loftis will assume day-to-day management of the company. Mr. Overly announced his departure in August 2022. |
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Alec Levin Is New Director of OSU's SOREC |
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Effective March 1, 2023, Dr. Alec Levin will be the new director at Oregon State University’s Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center (SOREC), succeeding Rich Roseberg. Alec is a viticulturist and associate professor, and has been working since 2016 in the Rogue Valley, where, he says, “a new generation of small-scale farmers and start-up wineries work shoulder to shoulder with established orchards, vineyards and ranches.” His research has focused on grapevine water stress and optimizing irrigation efficiency, and more recently, on wildfire smoke impacts on winegrapes. He’ll continue to run his viticultural research programs while working as director of the station, whose dominant crops include winegrapes, pears, hay, pasture, timber and industrial hemp. |
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USDA Provides $70M+ to Protect Against Pests and Diseases |
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USDA this year is allocating more than $70 million to support 350 projects under the Plant Protection Act’s Section 7721 program, focused on improving pest detection, surveillance and mitigation, and protecting the U.S. nursery system. Some of the grape-related 2023 projects include:
- Agriculture plant pest detector dog teams: $6,000,477 to California, Florida, Hawaii and nationally to support dog training and maintenance
- Northern giant hornet research and eradication efforts: $992,766 in Washington
- Eliminating transmission of Xylella fastidiosa by the glassy-winged sharpshooter using CRISPR technology: $190,222 in California
USDA will use $13.5 million to rapidly respond to invasive pest emergencies such as spotted lanternfly, invasive fruit flies and others. Of the 350 projects funded this year, 28 projects are funded through the National Clean Plant Network (NCPN).
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WineAmerica Gets Vineyard Survey Breakthrough |
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WineAmerica has achieved major early progress on reinstating the national vineyard acreage survey once done by USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) but discontinued for all but two states (California and Washington) in 2018. The breakthrough came as part of the $1.7 trillion Omnibus spending bill signed into law by President Biden, which includes language inserted by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) spurring the change: “The agreement encourages NASS to reinstate the 5-year Vineyard and Orchard Acreage Study and resume data collection and reporting so grape, wine and juice producers can remain competitive and respond to challenges in the industry.”
WineAmerica will now seek to get a specific commitment from NASS to conduct a survey covering all 50 states, including total vineyard acreage, grape varieties and use (wine, grape juice, table grapes, raisins), relative crop value, full-time equivalent employment, and other measures of economic impact.
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California Unveils Sustainable Pest Management Roadmap |
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California last week unveiled its Sustainable Pest Management Roadmap, an ambitious plan to guide the state’s transition to sustainable pest management and eliminate prioritized high-risk pesticides in agricultural and urban settings by 2050.
The plan is centered on sustainable pest management, a holistic, systemwide approach that builds on the practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by incorporating essential elements of human health and social equity, environmental protection, and economic vitality. IPM uses the least toxic, effective method to solve pest problems. While IPM has been practiced to varying degrees for decades, it hasn’t been adopted at scale, across the board, in agriculture or in urban or wildland settings, which is why the holistic, systemwide approach recommended through the Sustainable Pest Management Roadmap is a necessary evolution. “Successfully transitioning to sustainable pest management requires collective action,” said Julie Henderson, Director of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), a partner in the plan with the California Environmental Protection Agency and California Department of Food and Agriculture.
DPR invites public comment now through March 13, 2023, on the prioritization and implementation of next steps outlined in the Sustainable Pest Management Roadmap. DPR and partner agencies also will hold webinars to discuss the roadmap in February.
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LODI RULES Launches Fourth Edition |
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Last month, Lodi Winegrape Commission's Sustainable Winegrowing Director and NGRA Board member Dr. Stephanie Bolton released the newly accredited Fourth Edition of LODI RULES Sustainable Winegrowing Certification Standards. There are 35 new standards in the Fourth Edition, including adding integrated pest management for mealybugs and grapevine viruses, further increasing efficiency through automation, and outlining training on the carbon cycle and empowering growers to make climate-friendly decisions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
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Shape the Future of NVEELC |
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A group of Extension specialists is working to define what the National Viticulture and Enology Extension Leadership Conference (NVEELC) is and does, and how it can best serve the Extension community. Help them by taking this survey, which has been extended to gather more data. Whether you've ever attended NVEELC or plan to in the future, if you're an Extension specialist, your opinion counts! The survey is open until February 17, 2023.
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RED BLOTCH: AN OLD VECTOR AND NEW INOCULUM CONFIRMED
By Marc Fuchs, Cornell University
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Red blotch disease was described almost 15 years ago in California as a new threat to the grape and wine industries. Caused by grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the disease lowers vine vigor and yield, reduces fruit quality and degrades wine composition, resulting in reported losses of up to $170,000 per acre over the lifespan of a vineyard. Substantial progress has been made on understanding how red blotch causes these issues. But how it’s spread—including confirmed vectors and a full picture of the sources of inoculum—has remained unclear. Until now.
Spread of GRBV in the Vineyard
In diseased vineyards, planting stocks have been observed as a primary source of virus inoculum. From infected vines, it may be spread via insect vectors, resulting in distinct distribution patterns and disease progress. For example, the annual increase of newly diseased vines varies from 0% in New York (no spread) to 0.1 to 8% in California, and 0.5 to 29% in southern Oregon. The virus is most commonly spread within-vineyard vs. vineyard-to-vineyard. And although the spread typically starts slowly and at random, it can quickly accelerate once disease incidence is high and infected vines are aggregated at vineyard edges near riparian areas. (Keep reading for a twist.)
The three-cornered alfalfa hopper (TCAH) was identified early on as a vector candidate in diseased California vineyards where spread was documented. But its capacity to acquire GRBV from infected vines and transmit it to healthy vines was only recently documented in a vineyard (vs. greenhouse) setting by graduate student in the Fuchs lab, Madison Flasco, confirming TCAH as a vector of GRBV. Other insect vector candidates have been identified, but their ability to transmit GRBV is so far unknown.
Transmission of GRBV
Why did it take so long to confirm TCAH as a vector? In part because transmission of GRBV by TCAH is unique. The virus must move all the way through the body of the insect and back to its salivary glands to be transmitted. No other grapevine virus is transmitted in this circulative way. Add to that the fact the virus lasts a lifetime in TCAH’s body. A nymphal TCAH can acquire GRBV and transmit it through adulthood without ever visiting another infected vine.
Also, we now know that GRBV is present in wild Vitis species in northern California (V. californica and its hybrids) and in southern Oregon (V. riparia), but not in New York. In addition, the TCAH can transmit GRBV from and to V. californica hybrid vines. Research by another graduate student in the Fuchs lab, Victoria Hoyle, recently documented transmission of GRBV by the TCAH from V. californica hybrids to Cabernet franc vines and vice versa. This means that wild vines can be a source of GRBV inoculum transmissible by the TCAH not only to other wild vines but to winegrape cultivars. This finding illustrates the interconnectivity of the two virus hosts in riparian areas and commercial vineyards, respectively, for virus spread. Furthermore, GRBV transmission by the TCAH was higher to wild vines (77%) than to Cabernet Franc (16%) vines, suggesting wild vines are preferred feeding hosts.
Ecology of TCAH
We also have found that TCAHs’ behavior on grapevine is distinctive. TCAH populations are usually low in vineyards and often more abundant along parcel edges near water sources. Limited information is available on the behavior of the TCAH in a vineyard ecosystem. Legumes, including some used in cover crop mixes in vineyard middle-rows, have been described as feeding and reproductive hosts of the TCAH. But what else might it eat?
The Fuchs lab recently analyzed the dietary preferences of the TCAH to gain insights into the diversity of its feeding hosts and landscape movement. This collaborative research with Drs. Monica Cooper (UC ANR), and Rodney Cooper (USDA-ARS) was achieved by characterizing the plant material present in the gut of specimens caught on yellow sticky cards in vineyard sites in Napa County, CA. Preliminary results revealed a prevalence of plant species in the family Asteraceae (sowthistle, prickly lettuce, etc.), Zygophyllacea (puncture vine), Fabacae (clover, medic, etc.) and Vitaceae (winegrapes and wild vines), among others. This work showed that, in a vineyard ecosystem, the TCAH feeds on many diverse plant species, not only legumes. This research also revealed flying distances of nearly one mile for an adult TCAH.
Management Guidance
Counterintuitively, although the TCAH has now been confirmed as a red blotch vector, the new research cited here indicates that no action should be taken to control the pest. That’s because TCAH (1) inefficiently transmits GRBV, (2) uses grapevine as an opportunistic host, (3) only transiently visits vineyards, (4) has low populations in vineyards, (5) can fly relatively long distances, and (6) has numerous feeding hosts in a vineyard ecosystem, none of which carry GRBV.
Managing feeding hosts could potentially control TCAH populations; however, it would be virtually impossible, given how widespread these plants are in vineyard ecosystems. Additionally, the fact that the TCAH can travel a mile or more may likely render any direct effort to reduce its populations in the vineyard practically ineffective, especially since it does not spend extended time in the grapevine canopy.
Instead, red blotch disease management should focus on reducing virus inoculum sources by (1) eliminating infected vines and replacing them with planting stock derived from GRBV-free scions and GRBV-free rootstocks, especially when disease incidence is less than 30%, and (2) removing wild vines near vineyards where GRBV spread is a problem, pending an environmental permit if/as needed in riparian corridors.
This article is excerpted from the original, titled “Updates on Red Blotch Disease Ecology,” published in the January 2023 edition of Practical Winery & Vineyard Journal, inside Wine Business Monthly. Click to the digital edition at the link above and scroll to pages 152-155 for the full story.
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Conference Abstracts Are in Demand |
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The American Society for Enology and Viticulture (ASEV) seeks abstracts for the 74th ASEV National Conference in Napa, CA, June 26-29, 2023. Abstracts covering research in all areas of enology and viticulture are accepted and those on climate change are highly encouraged. Get complete details and apply by February 15, 2023.
ASEV-Eastern Section also is accepting abstracts for presentations and posters during its annual conference in Austin, TX, June 7-9, 2023. Learn more and submit your abstract(s) by March 15, 2023.
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The Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (FFAR) is accepting applications for its 2023-2026 FFAR Fellows cohort. The deadline to apply for the stipend and professional development category (total award of $65,000) is February 22, 2023. The deadline for professional development ($10,000 award) is April 15, 2023.
FFAR awards up to 10 grants a year to early-career scientists pursuing research that supports its Challenge Areas and promotes global, sustainable agriculture. Applicants are eligible for grants up to $150,000 per year for a maximum of three years, totaling $450,000. The deadline for nominations is February 22, 2023.
This FFAR program addresses research to solve urgent issues across its six Challenge Areas: soil health, sustainable water management, next-generation crops, health-agriculture nexus, urban food systems and advanced animal systems. FFAR will award a total of up to $10 million in grants this year, with individual awards ranging from $300,000 to $1 million. The deadline for pre-proposals is March 8, 2023.
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Applying for a grant? Request a letter of support!
NGRA is pleased to provide letters of support for research projects that directly address our industry-set research priorities. Request a letter by completing our online request form at least two weeks prior to the grant deadline (or any internal deadline you may have). Requests are reviewed and approved by NGRA Research Committee leadership, so processing times may vary. |
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January 26, 2023 | Good Fruit Grower
Facing an oversupply of Cabernet Sauvignon, more Washington grape growers are grafting existing vineyards into new varieties. By one estimate, the economics are promising. The cost of grafting a 5-acre vineyard at $20,500, compared with $34,000 to replant the same 5 acres, which would then require more training and more time to come into production. But some caution that a less-than-desirable take-rate of vineyard grafts can lead to deferred removals anyway.
January 26, 2023 | Wine Enthusiast
Across the world, winemakers feeling the burn of drier, hotter, more extreme temperatures are chasing cooler conditions into higher elevations. Between appellation labeling regulations in outlier regions and the vagaries of weather, growing up can be risky. But “wines from these strange high areas can be some of the greatest in the world… If you’re willing to forgo the risk, the rewards can be incredible,” says one grape grower in California’s Sierra Foothills.
A new cold hardiness model for grapevines, called NYUS.1, incorporates recent knowledge of cold hardiness dynamics to better predict the need for cold mitigation and management. Based on data from three varieties in Geneva, NY, NYUS.1 outperforms the only previously existing model, WAUS.2 based on Washington State data, reducing error by up to 37%.
January 19, 2023 | Wine Business Monthly
The Soil Inventory Project (TSIP) won a $20 million grant in the USDA’s Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities program, including $2 million for wine producers to inventory soil carbon over a five-year period. Jackson Family Wines and its nonprofit, International Wineries for Climate Action, spearheaded the wine project, titled “The Partnership to Define Climate-Smart Commodities Impact and Unlock Consumer Demand.” It aims to reduce the cost of sampling for soil carbon.
January 18, 2023 | Western Farm Press
The UC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, UC Cooperative Extension, the Napa Resource Conservation District and the Community Alliance with Family Farmers have created a searchable database of orchard and vineyard growers experienced in using cover crops to help others bring the benefits of the practice to their operations. The initiative also includes tours with the growers listed starting February 8, 2023.
January 18, 2023 | Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium
The grape root borer (GRB) is a significant pest in Southeastern grape production. Although entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have been shown to reduce GRB infestations as effectively as the insecticide chlorpyrifos, adoption on a commercial scale is virtually nonexistent. Georgia researchers worked with grape growers and extension agents to implement and evaluate EPNs for GRB management. They found that nematodes have the potential to be both preventative and curative, especially if applied annually.
January 11, 2023 | Fresh Plaza
Despite anticipated hesitation about gene-edited foods, taste is consumers' top-priority when it comes to table grapes, according to a Washington State University-led survey of US consumers. More than 2,800 people were asked to assess how accepting they might be of gene-edited table grapes, even though none are yet on the market. Most cared more about grapes’ taste, appearance and pesticide use, than how the grapes were bred, which rated fourth in importance. The study was part of the NGRA-supported VitisGen2 project.
January 10, 2023 | CNN
California’s epic January rain hasn’t reversed its historic drought. Scientists say that’s in part because of an orientation to flooding. Climate scientist Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute says, “Instead of thinking we can control all floods, we have to learn to live with them.” By drawing back levees and rethinking infrastructure, it'd be possible to recharge groundwater in wet seasons and store flood flows in underground aquifers.
January 9, 2023 | Frontiers in Plant Science
A UC Davis-led team found that partial solar radiation exclusion in the vineyard using overhead shade films directly improved flavonoid and aroma profiles of resultant wines under hot vintage conditions, providing a tool for mitigating higher temperatures and warmer growing conditions associated with climate change.
January 8, 2023 | Reuters
The American Farm Bureau Federation and Deere & Co have signed a memorandum of understanding to allow farmers to repair their own farm equipment or use an independent technician. As tractors and other equipment innovations have become increasingly complex, many manufacturers have required that only they can fix them. The MOU aims to find a solution to this "right to repair" debate, rather than through legislation or regulation.
January 6, 2023 | American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
Table grape growers sometimes apply gibberellic acid to the rachises of prebloom clusters to help lengthen them to control for cluster compactness. But this research shows that, because of where the growth occurs, cluster tipping can eliminate all gibb-related rachis gains.
January 3, 2023 | Wine Business Monthly
It’s less common today, but still possible for grape growers to have mis-identified clones in their vineyards, whether through nursery mixups or clonal confusion. “Clones are neither better nor worse than their parents—just different,” writes Virginia-based viticulturist Lucie Morton. But those differences can affect timing of fruit maturity, fruit/wine composition, yield potential, growth habit, disease resistance and cold tolerance. Gene sequencing and field-based ampelography can help ensure you know exactly what you’re growing.
January 2023 | The Crush
This article in the California Association of Winegrape Growers January newsletter cites new research by Akif Eskalen (UC Davis) on whether mechanical harvest increases the chance of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Might the juice released during use of the machines activate GTD pathogen sporulation? From samples submitted over the last several years and a study in four Lodi vineyards in 2022 focused on spore activation, he said, several GTD pathogens have been identified. The field study will be repeated and broadened this year.
December 29, 2022 | Gallup
Among those of legal drinking age, 65% of American adults report that they drink alcohol; 36% describe themselves as “total abstainers.” When adjusted for income (the biggest factor affecting the data), 80% of adults living in households earning $100,000 or more say they drink, far exceeding the 49% of drinkers earning less than $40,000. The report breaks down the data by education (the second biggest differentiator), gender, race and religiosity.
December 27, 2022 | Science of the Total Environment
There’s increased interest in agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR), or flooding farmland to recharge groundwater. But no research to date has studied its effects on nitrogen during longer-term flooding applications. So, a UC Davis team conducted a large-scale experiment in two vineyards in California’s Central Valley to learn the fate of nitrogen and nitrate leaching when flooding over two to four weeks. The work yielded a new conceptual model for integrated water-N dynamics that can be used to determine best Ag-MAR management practices.
December 14, 2022 | Cornell Chronicle
Cornell University maintains a 15-year database of indicators for the health of New York State soils, such as protein, active carbon, hardness and total organic matter, and uses it to understand how best to improve the health and productivity of various soil types through strategies like cover crops, reduced tillage and biochar application. This research underpins the state’s new soil health law.
December 7, 2022 | Food & Environment Reporting Network
Cover crops have proven beneficial for preventing soil erosion and chemical runoff from farms and vineyards. And proponents say they can soak up carbon dioxide that remains in the soil (locked up in the roots) after they’re gone. But new research suggests that cover crops may not make a significant dent in agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions and may (at least in the corn belt) reduce cash crop yields.
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Find these stories and more, published every weekday, on our Facebook and Twitter feeds. Use #graperesearch to join and grow the conversation!
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February 2, 2023
Washington State Wine Commission WAVEx
Virtual event
February 6-9, 2023
Kennewick, WA
February 7, 2023
Lodi, CA
February 7, 2023
Eastern Viticulture and Enology Forum Series
Virtual event
February 7-9, 2023
Toulouse, France
February 14-15, 2023
Portland, OR
February 14-16, 2023
Tulare, CA
February 22, 2023
Davis, CA
February 23-24, 2023
Washington, DC; livestream available
March 1-2, 2023
State College, PA
March 1-3, 2023
Virtual event
March 14, 2023
Central Point, OR
March 14-16, 2023
Lancaster, PA
May 8-10, 2023
Washington, DC
May 9-10, 2023
Washington, DC
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The monthly NGRA Update is provided as a service to the U.S. grape and wine industry.
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