International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group
November 9, 2018
Canada should not collect all travelers' exit data, ICLMG tells Senate Committee
ICLMG 05/11/2018 - On November 5, ICLMG National Coordinator, Tim McSorley, appeared in front of the Senate Standing Committee on National Security and Defence regarding Bill C-21, an Act to Amend the Customs Act, which allows the sharing of Canadian travelers’ exit data between the US and Canada. In short, we told the Senate Commitee: We believe the best solution would be to not collect travelers’ data en-masse, since restrictions in C-21 could be negated by powers granted in other legislation. Instead, we believe that security agencies should focus efforts on improving data collection on an as-needed basis. We therefore are opposed to the provisions of Bill C-21 that would lead to the default collection of all travelers’ information by the CBSA. Read more - Lire plus
Stop the deportation to torture of Moe Harkat!
Matthew Behrens 07/11/2018 - This is Moe and  Sophie Lamarche Harkat . They have been married for 18 years and are as happy a couple as you are likely to meet. There's just one problem. Moe has been unfairly targeted for deportation to torture by successive Canadian governments going back to 2002 on the basis of unfair, unconstitutional legislation that prevents him from seeing the alleged allegations against him. You can help this couple get to the point where they can finally live a normal life by speaking out about this injustice. Sign our new petition calling for an end to this deportation to torture. Share on Facebook - Partager sur Facebook
Ottawa rejects senators' demand to give greater weight to human rights in arms deals
The Globe and Mail 06/11/2018 - The Trudeau government, which is still weighing whether to suspend shipments in the $15-billion sale of armoured vehicles to Saudi Arabia, has rejected a call from Canadian senators to give human rights and international humanitarian law greater weight in the arms-export control system. Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland, in a letter to the Senate human rights committee, said she could not agree to this or another recommendation that would place additional controls on the end use of Canadian goods by foreign customers to ensure they are not part of serious violations of rights or international humanitarian law. Ms. Freeland wrote in the letter, dated Nov. 2, that if Canada instituted new export controls unilaterally, it would be out of step with its allies and place Canadian exporters at a disadvantage. [...] Arms control advocate Cesar Jaramillo also expressed disappointment. “It is hard to understand how a government that claims to be committed to more stringent arms-exports controls can reject a measure that is patently compatible with that objective,” said Mr. Jaramillo, executive director of Project Ploughshares. “The argument that Canada’s prerogative to strengthen its arms-exports regulations is somehow contingent upon the legislation elsewhere is not convincing.” Read more - Lire plus

Canada remains complicit in the war on Yemen
Amnesty International Canada 02/11/2018 - Over the past month, the story of journalist Jamal Khashoggi’s disappearance and subsequent death inside a Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, grabbed headlines around the world. Renowned journalists have  paid tribute  to Khashoggi and his work, and Amnesty International is  calling  on UN Secretary General António Guterres to set up an independent investigation so that we may know the truth of what took place. Canadians from coast to coast have rightfully expressed their outrage over this brutal act, which is only the latest in series of troublesome developments coming out of the Saudi kingdom. Think of Raif Badawi, the Saudi blogger sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, a fine, a travel ban, and 1,000 lashes for exercising his freedom of expression. Think of Loujain al-Hathloul, Iman al-Nafjan, and Aziza al-Yousef, three women’s rights activists who remain imprisoned without charge. Fewer have paid much attention to the war that Saudi Arabia and its coalition partners are waging in Yemen. A recent UN  report  documented that over 6,000 were killed and over 10,000 were injured between March 2015 and June 2018, with the real figures likely to be significantly higher. Funerals and weddings were common targets for airstrikes. The report concluded that violations and crimes under international law have occurred and continue to be perpetrated in Yemen. A report by Amnesty International documented that parties to the conflict are obstructing the delivery of essential goods and humanitarian aid, in contravention of international law, which includes the Saudi coalition’s blockade of Yemen’s Red Sea ports. Unfortunately, although this war has been raging for over three years, it has largely escaped the international community’s attention. In light of the Khashoggi affair, that is beginning to change. [...] What has not yet changed is Canada’s position on the sale of Light Armoured Vehicles (LAVs) to Saudi Arabia. Justifications for continuing with the arms transfer abound: “jobs are on the line,” “we must meet our contractual obligations,” “the cost is simply too high.” These are important implications, to be sure. But at the end of the day, Canadians must ask themselves: is a $15 billion-dollar arms deal – or the nebulous claims about a 1 billion-dollar penalty – worth complicity in the starvation, killing and maiming of Yemeni men, women and children? Worth complicity in the  blockading  of humanitarian supplies from reaching those in desperate need? Worth complicity in war crimes? Read more - Lire plus


Editorial: Ottawa should press for release of Saeed Malekpour
The Toronto Star 06/11/2018 - For just over a decade now, a Canadian resident has languished in an Iranian prison on trumped-up charges. Saeed Malekpour has been subjected to torture and for years lived under a sentence of death. Now his family and friends say he has suffered a heart attack and his health is failing. It’s time for the Canadian government to do what it can to secure Malekpour’s release on humanitarian grounds. It may be his only hope. Malekpour’s nightmare began back in 2008, when he travelled from his home in Victoria, B.C., to his native Iran to visit his dying father. An engineer and web designer, he was arrested and convicted of masterminding an online pornography network, supposedly at the behest of a foreign power seeking to discredit the country’s clerical regime. At the time, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards were cracking down on Internet activities deemed immoral or “un-Islamic,” and Malekpour’s supporters say he was an innocent man who was simply a convenient target for their campaign. Tortured and held in solitary confinement for months, Malekpour eventually made a forced confession. He was sentenced to death (later commuted to life in prison), and after years of mistreatment his family says his health has seriously deteriorated. Iran’s justice system is notorious for arbitrary arrests and convictions on dubious charges laid for essentially political reasons. By all accounts, Malekpour’s case falls into this category. Amnesty International and other groups that shine a light on those unjustly imprisoned around the world are calling for renewed pressure to secure his release. Read more - Lire plus

Human Rights Under Attack: Gareth Peirce on The New Dark Age
CBC Radio 07/11/2018 - For more than 40 years, solicitor Gareth Peirce has fought to expose miscarriages of justice, and free the wrongfully accused and convicted. As a young woman, she was a journalist covering Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in the United States. Inspired by his example, she returned to London in 1970 to study law, specializing in human rights. In her words, she represents: "individuals who are, or have been, the subject of rendition and torture, held in prison in the UK on the basis of secret evidence, and interned in secret prisons abroad under regimes that continue to practice torture." Peirce was instrumental in freeing members of the  Guildford Four , who were falsely convicted of carrying out an IRA bombing of a British pub. More recently, she has been representing members of the new suspect community — Muslims. Peirce warns the erosion of human rights, under the guise of national security, has been a profound attack on democracy. This episode features excerpts from Gareth Peirce's 2018 Sir Graham Day Lecture in Ethics, Morality and the Law, as well as a conversation with IDEAS producer Mary Lynk. Listen - Écouter
Toronto human rights lawyer sounds the alarm on Canada’s plans to use AI in immigration
The Globe and Mail 02/11/2018 - Imagine a not-so-distant future, when automated bots appraise refugees' stories about their own lives, probing whether their marriages are real, their children are their own, or whether they pose a security threat. Then imagine these artificial intelligence arbiters meting out inscrutable rulings that push people out of Canada and back to precarious lives back home, where they may face war, oppressive regimes or persecution. It’s a dystopian scenario newcomers could one day face here, according to Petra Molnar, a Toronto human rights and refugee lawyer who has been steadily shining a light on the more troubling realities of this country’s immigration system. In September, Ms. Molnar co-authored a pivotal report on the ethical perils of Canada’s plans to use artificial intelligence to help vet immigrant and refugee claims. Ms. Molnar is sounding an urgent alarm. Though technology is often viewed as impartial, it’s anything but, the lawyer argues. Discrimination, bias and violations of due process and privacy are just the tip of the iceberg with unchecked AI assisting or replacing the judgment of human decision-makers in the immigration sphere. “These systems will have life-and-death ramifications for ordinary people, many of whom are fleeing for their lives,” read the 88-page report, a joint project between the International Human Rights Program at the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Law and the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. As an immigrant who stared down her own difficult circumstances, Ms. Molnar finds herself feeling personally invested in helping people rebuild their lives in Canada. Her parents immigrated to Winnipeg from the Czech Republic in 2000. Family turmoil, including domestic violence, nearly derailed her education. “My whole childhood was punctuated by really difficult family relationships,” said Ms. Molnar, whose father left her mother 10 years ago. After forfeiting a University of Toronto scholarship to help her single mother back in Winnipeg, Ms. Molnar eventually became the first lawyer in her family. Read more - Lire plus
Trump administration seeks to deny asylum to migrants who cross border illegally
CTV News 08/11/2018 - The Trump administration said Thursday it will deny asylum to migrants who enter the country illegally, invoking extraordinary presidential national security powers to tighten the border as caravans of Central Americans slowly approach the United States.The measures are meant to funnel asylum seekers through official border crossings for speedy rulings, officials said, instead of having them try to circumvent such crossings on the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200-kilometre) border. But the busy ports of entry already have long lines and waits, forcing immigration officials to tell some migrants to come back to make their claims. The move was spurred in part by caravans of Central American migrants slowly moving north on foot, but will apply to anyone caught crossing illegally, officials said. It's unknown whether those in the caravan, many fleeing violence in their homeland, plan to cross illegally. The regulations will be incorporated in a proclamation expected to be issued Friday by President Donald Trump. He will invoke the same powers he used to push through a version of the travel ban that was upheld by the Supreme Court, according to senior administration officials. The officials were not authorized to speak publicly and spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity. The regulations would circumvent laws stating that anyone is eligible for asylum no matter how he or she enters the country. Read more - Lire plus

Canada and United States not facing asylum seeker crisis: UNHCR official
The Canadian Press 08/11/2018 - Neither Canada nor the United States is experiencing a crisis in asylum claims, says the United Nations' assistant high commissioner for refugees. Volker Turk, an Austrian in charge of refugee protection for the UN, was in Ottawa this week to meet with Canadian border officials. He said in an interview that Canada's recent spike in irregular migrants is nothing compared to the millions of refugees who pour every year into much poorer countries. Likewise, the migrant caravan making its way through Mexico toward the United States, numbering in the low thousands of people, is small compared to the vast migrations borne in recent years by countries like Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey, which have taken in over five million Syrian refugees. "A lot of the media debate that we often see is that there are hordes of people coming to the industrialized world — that's absolutely not true," Turk said. North America has largely been shielded from the true global crisis of 68.5 million displaced persons in the world fleeing war and conflict, he said. "I think it's important to put everything in perspective and to bear in mind that when people talk about a 'crisis' these days, these crises are far away from North America or from Europe, they are taking place often in the poorest countries in the world who need our support, need our solidarity and who need also our humanity." Political rhetoric whipping up public concern over the asylum-seekers has been rising in recent weeks, led by politicians in both Canada and the United States. In Canada, the federal Conservatives regularly refer to the influx of tens of thousands of asylum seekers crossing "irregularly" into Canada via non-official entry points from the U.S. as a border crisis and have used the issue to galvanize their base and criticize the Liberal government. In the U.S., President Donald Trump has spoken more and more harshly on the issue of "illegal aliens" as he continues to push for a wall across his country's border with Mexico. In the lead-up to the American midterm elections this week, he was especially aggressive on the migrant caravan: he said its participants are part of an invasion and has deployed the military to the border. Nevertheless, Turk said, the U.S. continues to have a "robust" asylum system with checks and balances. Turk said 90 per cent of the world's refugees who cross international borders do so far away from both Canada and the United States. Read more - Lire plus 



Spy service says federal pipeline purchase seen as 'betrayal' by many opponents
The Canadian Press 06/11/2018 - Canada's spy agency says many members of the environmental and Indigenous communities see the federal purchase of the Trans Mountain pipeline as a betrayal, and suggests that could intensify opposition to expanding the project. A Canadian Security Intelligence Service assessment highlights a renewed sense of indignation among protesters and clearly indicates the spy service's ongoing interest in anti-petroleum activism. The Canadian Press used the Access to Information Act to obtain a heavily censored copy of the June CSIS brief, originally classified top secret. Civil liberties and environmental activists questioned the rationale for CSIS's interest, given that opposition to the pipeline project has been peaceful. [...] It is unclear, because of the redactions to the document, exactly what CSIS was looking at, said Josh Paterson, executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, which has expressed strong concern about the spy service's monitoring of activists. "While some opponents of the pipeline were arrested during protest for breaching a court order, that was a matter for police and the courts, and was done out in the open — it should not be a matter for our spy agency." Read more - Lire plus 

Mic 30/10/2018 - It was in July that Klee Benally first saw the  Secondary Screening Security Selection  designation on his boarding pass, when he was flying to New York from Arizona. He was hit with delays at the airport from the increased searches of his person and belongings and ultimately missed his flight. After that experience, Benally, a Navajo (or Diné, in their language) activist based in Flagstaff, Arizona, decided to adjust his travel plans to account for future SSSS searches. Now, he takes as little as possible in terms of carry-on luggage and, in an interview with  Mic , said he is mentally prepared for the questions and searches to which he will, without choice, be subjected. The first time he experienced the extra scrutiny, airport security asked if he had recently been to Turkey or Iraq. Benally had not. He said he was also told by Transportation Security Administration personnel that he was “on a list.” He was separated from other passengers, his carry-on was thoroughly checked in front of him. In September, when flying from Phoenix to Chicago and on to Milwaukee, Benally added an extra day on both ends of his trip to account for possible delays or missed flights. It was a good idea: The TSA kept his luggage in Phoenix for an apparent extended search. In total, Benally said he has received the SSSS designation on four separate flights across three airlines since July. A longtime activist for indigenous rights, an anti-fascist and a former member of punk band Blackfire, which was active from 1989 until 2012, Benally said he’s spent the better part of 30 years traveling domestically and abroad without trouble. The SSSS designation and its corresponding “selectee list” was created — like the no-fly list — in the  aftermath of 9/11 . The number of individuals on the list and the criteria to place someone on it is a well-kept  secret . The designation suggests Benally’s placement on a watchlist, or perhaps as part of a domestic terror investigation in which he is a suspect. This may indicate such a probe, a former FBI agent said, or it may be part of an increase in surveillance of protesters under the administration of President Donald Trump that harkens back to the George W. Bush administration — or perhaps both. Nevertheless, there appears to be a double standard with who receives the SSSS designation. But Benally says he doesn’t feel especially singled out. He noted this sort of treatment is something Muslim “brothers and sisters face every day.” “[I’m] not surprised when I go into the airports and face further scrutiny,” Benally said. For him, the SSSS designation is part of the United States’ history of targeting political dissidents. “We have to wake up to the reality of this political environment and the United States’ political legacy,” he added. Read more - Lire plus 
Canada, Western countries condemn China at UN for repression of Muslims
The Globe and Mail 06/11/2018 - Canada has publicly accused China of repressing Muslims amid a “deterioration of human rights.” China must “end prosecution and persecution on the basis of religion or belief,” Tamara Mawhinney, Canada’s deputy permanent representative to the United Nations, said on Tuesday as China was subjected to a rare moment of global scrutiny before the UN Human Rights Council, which examines each country’s treatment of its people every five years. Ms. Mawhinney called on Beijing to “release Uyghurs and other Muslims who have been detained arbitrarily and without due process for their ethnicity or religion.” Canada, she said, is “deeply concerned by credible reports of the mass detention, repression and surveillance of Uyghurs and other Muslims in Xinjiang,” referring to the region in western China where, Western scholars have estimated, hundreds of thousands of Muslims have been incarcerated in centres for political indoctrination and skills training. The United States, too, on Tuesday urged China to “abolish all forms of arbitrary detention, including internment camps in Xinjiang.” The public censure marked a new step in the international condemnation of Chinese conduct in what Beijing calls an “anti-extremism” campaign. Read more - Lire plus


Israel's Netanyahu Endorses Death Penalty for Palestinians Only
Telesur 06/11/2018 - Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu supported a bill that would allow the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinians charged with attacking Israelis. Debate on the bill is scheduled to restart next week. During a meeting with the leaders of the ruling coalition, Netanyahu said nothing is preventing the bill from moving forward in the Israel Knesset, or Parliament. Among the bill’s supporters is Israel’s Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman, who openly endorsed Israel’s  deadly response  to Gaza protesters arguing “there are no innocent people in the  Gaza Strip .” “After over three years of a stubborn struggle, the death penalty for terrorists law will finally be brought to the law committee next Wednesday (November 14), and then for its first reading in the Knesset plenum," Lieberman said on Twitter. According to the Middle East Eye “The bill, which passed a preliminary vote by the full parliament in January, would ease the requirements military courts in the occupied West Bank must meet to sentence Palestinians convicted of 'terrorist' crimes to death.” Currently, for a Palestinian to be sentenced to death in the occupied West Bank the three military judges of the court have to unanimously support the sentencing. The bill will ease requirements by shifting the requirement to a simple majority. The bill would only affect Palestinians in the West Bank who are subjected to military, rather than civil, law. Human rights organizations and anti-occupation activists have condemned this state of affairs arguing it constitutes legal apartheid. Israeli settlers and Palestinians live in the West Bank, but are subjected different sets of laws, allowing for rampant impunity in cases of attacks by settlers against Palestinians throughout the occupied territory. Read more - Lire plus 
In a court filing, Edward Snowden says a report critical to an NSA lawsuit is authentic
Tech Crunch 03/11/2018 - An unexpected declaration by whistleblower  Edward Snowden filed in court this week adds a new twist in a long-running lawsuit against the National Security Agency’s surveillance programs. The case, filed by the  Electronic Frontier Foundation    a decade ago , seeks to challenge the government’s alleged illegal and unconstitutional surveillance of Americans, who are largely covered under the Fourth Amendment’s protections against warrantless searches and seizures. It’s a big step forward for the case, which had stalled largely because the government refused to confirm that a leaked document was authentic or accurate. News of the surveillance broke in 2006 when an AT&T technician Mark Klein revealed that the NSA was tapping into AT&T’s network backbone. He alleged that a secret, locked room — dubbed  Room 641A  — in an AT&T facility in San Francisco where he worked was one of many around the U.S. used by the government to monitor communications — domestic and overseas. President George W. Bush authorized the NSA to secretly wiretap Americans’ communications shortly after the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001. Much of the EFF’s complaint relied on Klein’s testimony until 2013, when Snowden, a former NSA contractor, came forward with new revelations that described and detailed the vast scope of the U.S. government’s surveillance capabilities, which included participation from other phone giants  — including Verizon (TechCrunch’s parent company). Snowden’s signed declaration,  filed on October 31 , confirms that  one of the documents he leaked , which the EFF relied heavily on for its case, is an authentic draft document written by the then-NSA inspector general in 2009, which exposed concerns about the legality of the Bush’s warrantless surveillance program — Stellar Wind — particularly the collection of bulk email records on Americans. Read more - Lire plus 
EU: Leak reveals states are ready to put human rights defenders at risk to protect surveillance industry
Access Now 29/10/2018 - EU member states must back proposed curbs on the export of surveillance equipment to abusive regimes, Access Now, Amnesty International, and Reporters Without Borders said, after  leaked documents published by digital rights reporters at netzpolitik.org and Reporters Without Borders revealed that several EU countries, particularly Sweden and Finland, are pushing for weakening human rights protections in relation to European export controls of surveillance technology. “The current EU system fails to hold European governments and companies to account. It is devastating to see that protecting the privacy of individuals and safeguarding freedom of expression around the globe are not on the list of priorities of the Council of the EU,” said Lucie Krahulcova, Policy Analyst at Access Now. “These leaks reveal that while the EU talks the talk on human rights in public, behind the scenes, member states are secretly ready to trade in their obligations to protect human rights defenders for the sake of business interests. They would give businesses free rein to sell to abusive governments technologies which can tap into the communications and whereabouts of those who speak up against them,” said Nele Meyer, Senior Executive Officer at Amnesty International’s European Institutions Office. Commercially available surveillance technology is used by governments around the world to spy on activists, journalists, and dissidents. “The willingness of some countries to go on with business as usual by supplying despotic regimes with tools to abuse human rights is shocking. Jamal Khashoggi’s death has highlighted the level of pressure and surveillance endured by journalists. The EU must end the sale of tools which are used to spy on, harass and arrest journalists. These technologies threaten the safety of journalists and their sources and thereby force them into self-censorship,” said Elodie Vialle, the head of Journalism and Technology desk at Reporters Without Borders (RSF). Read more - Lire plus
ACTIONS & EVENTS
Tell the Senate to Fix Bill C-59 before it's too late!
From mass surveillance to the No Fly List, the new National Security Act fails to undo past problems and brings in new powers that threaten our rights & freedoms. Send a message to the Senate that they need to fix Bill C-59.

Share on Facebook & Twitter .
Partagez sur Facebook & Twitter .
Stop Mohamed Harkat's Deportation to Torture
No one should be deported to torture. Ever. If sent back to Algeria, Mohamed Harkat faces detention, torture and even death. Send a message to PM Trudeau and the Ministers of Public Safety, Justice and Immigration to urge them to stop the deportation of Moe Harkat and to not make themselves, and Canada, complicit in torture once more.
Call on Justin Trudeau to ensure justice for Abousfian Abdelrazik
In September 2003, Canadian citizen Abousfian Abdelrazik was arrested in Sudan, while he was back in the country visiting his ailing mother. Over the next three years he was imprisoned for nearly 20 months and was held under house arrest for 12 months. He was denied a lawyer, and was never charged or brought before a judge. There were lengthy periods when he had no family or consular visits. During that time he was badly tortured in three different prisons. Not only did Canada fail to take steps to protect him, CSIS officials frequently obstructed efforts to secure his release. Those actions prolonged his detention, with no concern for the obvious risk of mistreatment he was facing.
Don’t invest my CPP contributions in Trump’s racist agenda
An investigation by the Guardian just revealed that the  Canada Pension Plan (CPP), is pouring millions of your pension dollars into the US private prison corporations that are executing Trump’s cruel and inhumane anti-immigration agenda. That’s your money.  If you’ve ever worked in Canada, you’ve paid contributions to the CPP fund. We can’t let our CPP contributions flow to corporations that are profiting from Trump’s cruel immigration policies.

Tell the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB): Stop investing our savings in private US prison corporations that are executing Trump’s cruel and inhumane anti-immigration agenda.
Parliamentary Petition: Release Edwin Espinal!
We call upon MPs to: 

- Urgently intervene in the case of Edwin Espinal, spouse of Karen Spring of Elmvale, arrested January 19, 2018, on trumped-up charges in the wake of popular protests; and

- Immediately ensure that Honduras release Espinal and four other political prisoners still held in inhumane maximum-security military prisons, and drop all charges against 22 political prisoners.
Remember January 29
On Jan. 29, 2017, a lone gunman entered a mosque in Quebec City and opened fire on dozens of Muslim-Canadian worshipers. By the time the shooting had ended, six had been tragically killed, and 19 more injured.  We, citizens and residents of Canada, call on the government of Canada to henceforth designate January 29th as a National Day of Remembrance and Action on Islamophobia and other forms of religious discrimination  as per the report from Parliament's Heritage Committee.
Five Eyes: Save encryption
Ministers from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the U.S. have gone public with their plans for a huge attack on our personal security.

They want to force companies to crush the encryption that protects our private data and messages. But ordinary people need and use encryption every day, in everything from online banking to personal messaging in apps like WhatsApp.
Tell ministers to stop their attacks, and commit to protecting our privacy and security.
Iran: Release Saeed Malekpour!
Saeed Malekpour, an Iranian national with permanent residency in Canada, has been imprisoned in Iran since his arrest on 4 October 2008. In late 2010, he was initially sentenced to death for “spreading corruption on earth” in relation to a web programme he created for uploading photos which the Iranian authorities said was used on pornographic websites. This was an open source programme and Saeed Malekpour has maintained that the use of this web programme on other websites was without his knowledge. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 2012.
MORE NEWS - AUTRES NOUVELLES
Afghanistan war
Guerre en Afghanistan

Free speech & free press
Liberté d'expression et de la presse

Miscellaneous
Divers

Les opinions exprimées ne reflètent pas nécessairement les positions de la CSILC - The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the positions of ICLMG.
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