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By Douglas V. Gibbs
There is a phrase in the American Declaration of Independence that carries more weight than almost any other sentence in our republic’s founding: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
In today’s social media obsessed culture it sounds like some archaic slogan. Read it carefully. As an American who believes in God-given Natural Rights, we should take those words very seriously. It is much more than a mere creed.
In 1776, there was a certain political wisdom that I am not sure many of us possess today. Now, we have politicians and lawmakers. Back then we had statesmen guided by wisdom and their godly foundation. An originalist reads these words and finds himself asking, “What did these words mean to the people who wrote and ratified them?” We must set aside our modern perspective that we are plagued with, and truly look at those words from the point of view of those who wrote and honored them.
To a member of society in the eighteenth-century the moral philosophy that Jefferson and his contemporaries inherited, be it from Locke, Blackstone, Scottish common-sense thinkers, or their Christian and Saxon heritage, a “self-evident” truth was not a claim that everyone already agrees with. It was a claim about knowability. A self-evident proposition is one that does not depend on a chain of prior proofs; it is grasped directly by a rightly ordered mind, the way we grasp that a whole is greater than its part, or that cruelty is not the same as kindness.
The signers were making a bold epistemological wager: that the moral order is real, and that it is accessible to ordinary human reason. They were not inventing rights. They were announcing that rights had been there all along, and that the British crown had trampled them.
Note, too, what the document does before it reaches that sentence. It appeals to “the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God,” and it closes by resting its case before “the Supreme Judge of the world.” This is not some kind of secular manifesto, or an attempt to make it look good with a little sprinkling of religious garnish. It is a document whose entire logic depends on a Creator who stands above kings.
For an originalist, the Declaration is not a statute to be parsed in a courtroom, but it is a petititon and charter of first principles. It is based on the same philosophical soil in which the Constitution was later planted. Its original public meaning is plain enough:
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Our Natural Rights existed prior to the formation of even the first government in ancient history. Government does not grant our rights; it secures them.
Rights are unalienable. They cannot be legitimately surrendered or voted away.
The source of those rights is not the state, not the majority, and not the Crown, but the Creator.
That last point is decisive. If rights come from the Creator, then they are discovered, not manufactured. No legislature can redefine them out of existence.
From a Christian perspective, the Declaration’s most famous sentence is a paraphrase of Genesis. “All men are created equal” is the imago Dei – the image of God stamped on every human being, slave and king alike (Genesis 1:27). “Endowed by their Creator” names the Giver. “Unalienable” reflects the fact that what God gives, man cannot rightfully revoke.
The self-evidence claim itself also has deep Christian roots. Paul writes that the Gentiles, who did not have the written law, nevertheless “show the work of the law written in their hearts” (Romans 2:15), and that God’s nature is “clearly seen” in creation (Romans 1:20). Thomas Aquinas called this natural law; the moral order readable by reason because it is authored by God. The Declaration’s “self-evident truths” are, in this tradition, the natural law stated in political form.
There is a tension worth naming. A fallen world does not always see the self-evident. The Bible may refer to such a condition as having scales over their eyes. Self-evidence, in a broken world, must be defended, but the application may not always be possible at that moment.
The great temptation of modern politics is to relocate the source of rights. From the Creator to the court, the ballot, or the bureaucracy. When that happens, rights become permissions: granted today, withdrawn tomorrow.
The Founding Fathers, reading both nature and Scripture, offered a sturdier foundation. They staked the fledgling Union’s existence on the conviction that certain truths are not opinions to be negotiated, but realities to be acknowledged. They are written into creation, they are legible to reason, and they are guaranteed by God who endows.
That is what makes the sentence dangerous to tyrants and comforting to the powerless. It is not the government that made you equal. It is your Creator. And what He has given, no crown and no congress may take away.
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