In August 2025, six people died during a confined space rescue attempt at a dairy farm. Confined spaces pose significant hazards, including in the construction industry, where the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) reported 1,030 deaths from 2011–2018.
Statistics further reveal that 205 of these fatalities occurred in tank, vat, or bin interiors, while 203 fatalities occurred in ditches, trenches, channels, or excavations. Leading causes of death in confined spaces are asphyxiation and engulfment in collapsing materials. It is common for coworkers to attempt an impromptu rescue without understanding a confined space's dangers, leading to additional fatalities.
What is a Confined Space?
A confined space must meet all three criteria:
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Be large enough to enter: for a worker to bodily enter and perform tasks.
- Have limited means of entry or exit.
- Not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
What makes a Confined Space "Permit-Required"?
A space is classified as permit-required if it contains one or more hazards:
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Hazardous Atmosphere: Contains toxic gases, flammable vapors, or has an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
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Engulfment Hazard: Contains materials (like sand or grain) that could envelop and suffocate a worker.
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Internal Configuration: Its layout, with converging walls or a sloped floor, could trap or asphyxiate a worker.
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Other Serious Hazards: Presents any other recognized serious safety or health risk.
Common Examples on Construction Sites include:
- Pits
- Tanks and silos
- Manholes and storm drains
- Crawl spaces and attics
- Tunnels and access tunnels
- Boilers
- Vaults (e.g., transformer vaults)
- Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) ducts and pits
Key Safety Requirements by OSHA
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Identification and Evaluation: Must be done by employees at the start of a project.
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Permit System: A written permit system is mandatory for entry.
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Employee Training: Workers must be educated on the hazards of confined spaces and the proper procedures to follow, including the critical rule to never enter a space to rescue someone without proper equipment. A best practice is to conduct this training annually.
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Monitoring: Regular air monitoring and hazard assessments are required.
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Communication: Controlling contractors and entry employers must communicate effectively to ensure the safety of all workers involved.
For an overview of confined spaces in construction, samples of permit-required confined space programs, and checklists, click the button below.
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