November 12, 2023

Methodology



Information in this document has been gathered by the BHRN team by primary and secondary research methods. We employed local researchers and local informers across Burma including in Rakhine State, Thai-Burma border and the Bangladesh border monitoring, investigating and documenting incidents of human rights violations. Any information we receive is carefully checked for credibility and authenticity by experienced senior research officers in the organisation. Once the information is approved the editorial team prepares the final document.

Short Video for Summary of Situation Update - October 2023

Key Highlights 

·       The current junta led by Min Aung Hlaing completed 1000 days in office on 27 October 2023 and the recent incidents tend to indicate that the junta is currently on the back foot in terms of its capacity to control the country and the international outrage against the atrocities it is committing against the people of Myanmar.

·       The junta lost control of a major border trading post on the Myanmar-China border and four other towns in Northern Shan State in concerted attacks by an alliance of ethnic armies, called the Brotherhood Alliance which started on 27 October. The operation is coded named "1027" in reference to the date it was started. 

·       As the junta continued its atrocities against the civilians the United States, Canada, and the British government decided to impose new sanctions against the junta. 

·       Even, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which normally refrains from speaking out against the internal affairs of its member state spoke out against a recent airstrike by the junta troops in Kachin State, which attracted ire from the junta. 

·       Meanwhile, the junta consolidated its relations with a fellow international pariah Russia. The Russian Navy Chief visited Myanmar to witness the first-ever naval exercise between Myanmar and Russia in early November. The month of October saw Myanmar signing a new nuclear deal with Russia.  

·       In response to diminishing international attention on the Rohingya crisis, an international conference on the Rohingya refugees issue was held in Bangkok on 17 October. the conference was joined by participation from the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic States (OiC) and the representatives of the Gulf countries. 

·       Against the backdrop of these developments, the ethnic armed groups and the people's defence forces fighting the regime said the recent unprecedented gains by the Three Brotherhood Alliance in fighting against the junta provide a new opportunity to topple the regime.  

 Context 

“Operation 1027” is a joint military operation conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, a military coalition composed of the Arakan Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar.

 The joint forces launched simultaneous attacks in multiple towns in northern Shan State, targeting the Myanmar Army, Myanmar Police, and pro-military militia installations in Kutkai, Kyaukme, Muse, Namkham, Nawnghkio, Lashio, and Chinshwehaw. The rebels later expanded their offensive outside Shan State, staging attacks in Mogok, Mandalay and Htigyaing, Sagiang Region.

By the end of 30 October, the Brotherhood Alliance claimed to have captured a total of 67 army outposts across the region. Other anti-junta groups in the country, such as the People's Defense Force (PDF), pledged their support for and participation in the operation, conducting further attacks on the regime.

A concerted military operation in Myanmar involving all the opponents of the Myanmar military was expected shortly after the military coup in February 2021. However, it took 1000 days after the military coup to initiate such an attack, Operation 1027, seemed to have the potential to bring more groups into the fold of fighting. Among the camps controlled by the ethnic alliance include a camp of the Myanmar military near Lashio, the capital of Northern Shan State and the base of the junta’s Northern Eastern Command. 

This latest operation could be the most successful attack launched by the ethnic armies against the Myanmar army since the attack on Insein near Rangoon by the Karen National Defence Organisation way back in 1949.

This time around there is an easier political rallying point for all groups to join the attack against the highly unpopular and brutal military regime led by Min Aung Hlaing. 

The Three Brotherhood Alliance released a joint statement declaring the start of Operation 1027, on 27 October 2023. The alliance had the combined capability to draw on 15,000 troops.

The statement detailed the primary objectives of the operation, being to:

• Safeguard the lives of civilians.
• Assert our right to self-defence.
• Maintain control over their territory.
• Respond resolutely to ongoing artillery attacks and airstrikes perpetrated by the junta.
• Eradicate the oppressive military rule.
• Combat the widespread online gambling fraud that has plagued Myanmar, particularly along the China–Myanmar border.

Several fellow ethnic armies pledged their allegiance to the Three Brotherhood Alliance. 

Padoh Saw Taw Nee, the Spokesman for the largest rebel group in Myanmar the Karen National Union said Operation 1027 has given the revolution fresh momentum. 

While Khun Bedu, President of the Karenni Nationalities Defense Force called the latest attacks against the regime as the second wave of mass resistance against the military coup. The first was shortly after the military coup when tens of thousands of civilians converged on the streets in the major cities across Myanmar to protest the military coup. 

U Maung Maung Swe, Spokesman for the National Unity Government’s Ministry of Defense said, the Brotherhood Alliance launched Operation 1027 when enough arms and ammunition had been accumulated. 

"The junta’s soldiers have very low morale, and these defeats show they do not want to fight. The international community should take note," U Maung Maung Swe said. 

o  More airstrikes by the junta in recent weeks.

The junta carried out a total of 1,427 airstrikes since the military coup, according to a report by an independent research group Nyan Lynn Thit Analytica. It said airstrikes occur every three days on average.

The report said Sagaing Region, Karen State and Kayah State have experienced the highest numbers of airstrikes. It said Karen State tops the list of airstrikes with 322 times, followed by Sagaing Region with 195.

In the latest incident, the junta launched an airstrike on the Mung Lai Hkyet camp for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Laiza, Kachin State, on 9 October. 

The eyewitness of the incident later told to media that at least 40 people including 11 children were killed in the airstrike. They said the assault came at a time when there was no fighting. They said at least five bombs were dropped on the camp. the attack was described by human rights groups as a war crime. 

The international community condemned the bombing in Kachin State, with countries including Canada, France, and the United Kingdom expressing concern and sympathy for the victims and their families, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) also condemned the attack and called for the implementation of its Five-Point Consensus peace plan. The United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres remarked: “Those responsible must be held to account.”

o  Sanctions in response to the junta’s atrocities 

The United States has imposed additional sanctions on Myanmar’s government-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, or MOGE.

A statement released by the US Treasury on 31 October said the action was taken to curb the growth of Myanmar’s junta. MOGE is a main source of revenue for the military government which is being used to purchase military weapons and materials from abroad.

The US Treasury said in a statement issued on the same day that the action prohibits some financial services, including loans, accounts, insurance, investments and others by Americans to the state oil and gas enterprise starting on 15 December. 

Additionally, the United States imposed sanctions on three entities and five individuals, who have been designated to support the military rule in Myanmar, the statement said.

On the same day, the British Government announced sanctions against five individuals and one entity involved either in providing financial services to the regime or supplying restricted goods.

Canadian authorities also tightened its sanctions against Myanmar by adding junta officials and its affiliates. Canada now has 95 individuals and 63 entities in Myanmar that are under its sanction list. 

o  Russia 

On the other hand, the Myanmar junta is getting all the backing it needs from Russia. Russia has announced plans to conduct naval exercises with Myanmar the first ever such exercise to be conducted by the two countries.

The wargame was announced during a working visit to Nay Pyi Taw by the commander-in-chief of the Russian navy, Nikolai Yevmenov. 

The military experience follows the signing of a nuclear deal between Myanmar and Russia in mid-October. Under the latest deal, Russia is to support Myanmar in building a nuclear reactor help to resolve the electricity shortage in Myanmar. 

The initial nuclear cooperation agreement was signed during a visit to Russia by the junta head Min Aung Hlaing in July 2022.

The latest agreement was signed by Alexey Likhachev, director general of Rosatom, and the junta’s science and technology minister, Dr Myo Thein Kyaw in Moscow on 11 October including building a possible modular reactor project. 

Human rights groups have said Myanmar’s regime cannot be trusted with nuclear technology.

o  Rohingya Conference in Bangkok 

The senior officials and experts working on the Rohnigya crisis met in the Thai capital Bangkok on 17 October. The conference was attended by Government representatives, refugee-led organisations, the United Nations, academia, and civil society with the joint aim of improving the Rohingya refugee response.



The UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi, who joined the conference urged the international community not to forget the plight of ethnic Rohingya refugees from Myanmar in the midst of many other world crises. 

Mr Grandi said providing humanitarian assistance is becoming increasingly difficult because of the continuing armed conflict in Myanmar and reduced funding and aid due to the other crises, including in Afghanistan, Ukraine and the Middle East.

A senior Foreign Ministry official of the Government of Qatar also joined the meeting and reiterated his country’s support for the safe and voluntary repatriation of Rohingya refugees to Myanmar. 

1 October - A 24-year-old Rohingya man from Basara was beaten and robbed of his motorbike and 500,000 Kyat in min Gan, allegedly by a group of Rakhine men. BHRN

3 October- The junta arrested a head of local administration of a village in Maungtaw Township in Rakhine State on 1 October, a local source told the Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). The administrator of Kyat Yoe Pyin village, who is a member of the Rohingya Muslim community, was arrested on suspicion of having links with a militant group the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA). He is reportedly interrogated by the military affairs security in Maungtaw, the source said. BHRN

5 October - A 35-year-old Rohingya man from Bu May village was robbed of 3 million Kyat and a gold ring in Phara Gyi while on his way to a boat station to Pauk Taw. The robber group was allegedly Rakhine youths. BHRN

10 October - A curfew was imposed on Rohingya in the lower Sittwe villages and camps. The military told Rohingya in these areas not to leave their homes after 11 p.m. BHRN

10 October - An unknown body was found at the cemetery in Bawdupha, where garbage from Sittwe is sent. Police were alerted to the body and they ordered the village administrators to bury it. Instead, village administrators posted about the incident online, and the body was taken to Sittwe General Hospital. BHRN

11 October- The Rohingya Muslim patients, who are admitted to the Buthitaung Civil Hospital, are reportedly facing discrimination and abuse by doctors and nurses in the hospital. As the hospital staff can not speak Rohingya language they face abuse and they are referred to them with a derogatory term “kular” and sometimes commit physical abuse. They are reportedly facing such abuses every day. Those patients who are facing such abuse are suffering morally as well and some of them die without having any serious disease.  Ref: Arakan Express

26 October - Seven Rohingya workers from Aung Min Galar village were kidnapped after being called to carry rice bags from a Rakhine boat. After the men disappeared their family members were called by the staff of the boat demanding 300,000 Kyat for each person detained. The kidnappers threatened to kill the laborers if their demands were not met. The families collected the money and the laborers were released near Anyuk Yaat Village, Pauk Taw Township. The incident was reported to the police but no action has been taken.

30 October- The authorities imposed a travel ban on the students who are attending the University in Sittwe in the capital of Rakhine State. Even though they were allowed to travel with their Nationalities Verification Card (NVC) to Sittwe after their admission to the university last year, however, they were not allowed to travel back to the University after a school break. A Rohingya student said the authorities are forcing them to return to the University from an illegal route. However, the students are demanding to allow them to go back legally as they are admitted to the university based on their current nationalities status. He said most of the Rohingya students across Rakhine State are facing such a challenge to return to the university. The authorities imposed a ban on the admission of Rohingya students to study in the aftermath of the 2012 sectarian violence in Rakhine State in which tens of thousands of Rohingya Muslims were displaced. Ref: Arkan Express

31 October -  Rohingya students hoping to attend Sittwe University have been given conflicting information on how and if they will be able to attend classes. A group of 15 Rohingya students who had National Verification Cards were told they could not attend the university because they did not have Form 4 documents. Form 4 is a document giving permission for travel. BHRN



31 October- At least 81 Rohingya Muslims were arrested in October 2023, according to statistics compiled by the Burma Human Rights Networks (BHRN). It said among the arrested Rohingya Muslims were 31 women and most of them were detained from Rathetaung and Maungtaw townships. The junta said among the arrested Rohingya Muslims 37 were refugees who allegedly came back to Myanmar illegally from Bangladesh and the rest were arrested as they tried to travel to Malaysia. BHRN

3 October -  Bangladesh authorities arrested an alleged ARSA commander, Mohammad Ershad, connecting him to the killing of a squadron leader last year and the killing of Burmese soldiers in 2016. Source: BHRN

5 October - Three people were reportedly found dead in camps 3 and 5, believed to have been killed in fighting between ARSA and the RSO. Source: BHRN

16 October -  Bangladesh authorities arrested Samiuddin, an alleged ARSA leader involved in the targeted killing of Rohingya leaders. Bangladesh authorities accuse Samiuddin of being directly involved in the killing of Rohingya leader Mohib Ullah in 2021. Source: BHRN

27 October - Bangladesh authorities uncovered what they say are six torture cells in the Bangladesh refugee camps after the arrest of alleged high-ranking ARSA member Muhamed Osman Prakash Salman Murobbi. Source: Dhaka Tribune

31 October - A delegation of 32 Burmese officials visited the Teknaf camp in Bangladesh to discuss repatriation with refugees living there. The refugees brought up concerns about NVC cards and asked for their citizenship. The discussions reportedly resulted in very little progress. Source: BHRN

5 October- The junta troops destroyed a pagoda and other religious buildings in a village in Bago Township, a local source said. He said junta troops from the Light Infantry Division 90 were involved in the attack on a pagoda and religious buildings in Wanbaei In village in Bago Township. The junta troops conducted the attack on the village with an accusation that members of an anti-junta militia group the People Defence Forces were taking shelter in the religious buildings. The troops asked workers from Zaloat Kyi village in Kawhmu Township to destroy the buildings, the source said. He said 4 monks in the village were forced to leave the religious building where they were staying.  BHRN

5 October- A church was destroyed in an airstrike in Noh Takaw Township in Kayin State on 4 October, a statement issued by a rebel group the Kayin National Union (KNU) said. In a separate incident two civilians were killed in an attack on Yephyu village, in Bago Region’s Shwe Kyin Township, the KNU statement said . Ref: Khit Thit Media

13 October- The local authorities in several townships in Yangon are forcing Christians from Chin ethnic communities not to join prayers in the churches. A source said The junta authorities in Hlaingtharya, Shwe Pyi Thar and Dagon Setillite township where the majority of Chin people live are forcing the Chin communities. He said the local authorities in these townships lodged complaints against some of the Chin Christian Community Churches. The junta is also not granting permission to build new Churches. In such a situation Chin communities are forced to gather in their homes for community prayers. Ref: Mizzima

16 October- The junta has issued an order banning the construction of new religious buildings in Palatwa Township in Chin State. The local communities are asked to apply for official permission for the building of new churches in the villages where the majority of the Christian community living, a local source told the Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). The source said under a new regulation announced by the junta in August permission to construct new Churches can only be granted by the Central Government. He said the new order was informed to all relevant local authorities. The order said the local authorities will have to report on the new construction and need to report even if there is no new construction of churches.  BHRN

16 October- The authorities banned construction and refurbishment of the religious buildings in Palatwa Township in Chin State. Under the new rules announced in August, only the State governments have the authority to grant permission to allow the building and refurbishment of the religious buildings. The ward and township authorities were instructed to report on buildings and refurbishments of religious buildings to the state-level authorities. The new rules by the junta also called on the authorities to take legal actions against the building and refurbishment of religious buildings in the state. The new rule also asked the authorities to report these incidents. Chin State has a predominantly Christian population and the state faced the worst attacks in recent months by the junta troops which included the ransacking of religious buildings. BHRN

29 October- The offices of the Development Media Group (DMG) in the Rakhine State capital Sittwe were raided by a combined forces of police and military on 29 October, a spokesperson of DMG said. The raid followed the arrest of a DMG journalist Ko Htet Aung. He was arrested while taking photos at a Buddhist religious event in Sittwe on the same day. Ko Htet Aung was asked by the troops to take them to the DMG office to conduct the search. The spokesperson of DMG said the raid and arrest of a journalist of DMG was an attack on the freedom of media and violations of the right to information by the general public. Ref: Nainjara

5 October- The junta arrested two government-employed engineers in Sagaing Region on 30 September, a local source said. He said the house of the two victims, who are a married couple, was sealed off. It was not known what the reason for their arrest was, however, a pro-government channel on Telegram has said that action was taken against them for having a connection with the members of the People’s Defence Force militia group.  Ref: RFA

13 October- A school teacher was arrested in Amarapura Township in Mandalay Region on 12 October for her social media post against the junta. Daw Moe Moe Thu, who joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) against the junta was arrested for her post on an attack by the junta troops on a camp for internally displaced people in Kachin State on 9 October. Daw Moe Moe Thu joined the CDM movement shortly after the military coup by the junta in February 2021.  Ref: Mizzima

25 October- A military tribunal on 20 October sentenced a voluntary teacher to life imprisonment for joining an education programme conducted by the parallel government of Myanmar the National Unity Government (NUG). U Hein Min Thu (a.k.a) Arnold, who previously joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) was arrested on 5 June after joining the programme, said a spokesperson of a local resistance group People Defence Force. The group said the number of people who were sentenced by military tribunals in Sagaing Region since the military coup in February 2021 has reached 283. Ref: Myanmar Now

6 October- The junta arrested 5 local people in Paung Township in Mon State for their posts on social media, a local source said. They are accused of posting politically motivated posts and were arrested on 4 October. They are held in the police station and face criminal defamation charges. Ref: DVB 

8 October- A human rights group, the Data of Myanmar, said more than 1300 people were arrested for speaking out against the military junta. The group said in a statement released on 8 October that the highest number of incidents took place in Yangon Region where 323 people were arrested followed by Mondalay Region where the authorities detained 284 people. The group said the junta made several arrests in Bago, Magwe, and Ayeyarwaddy regions as well. The arrests were made after the junta issued a warning to social media users that those who use social media to post anti-junta messages will face charges under the counter-terrorism law, as well as criminal deformation and electronic act. Ref: RFA

12 October- The junta troops arrested four civilians in Saw Township in Magwe Region on 11 October, a local source told Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). He said the car of the local monk was burned down by the troops. He added that those who were arrested have so far not been released. BHRN 

 19 October- The junta’s troops raided the home of a wealthy businessman in Bhamo Township in Kachin State on 17 October, a local source told Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). He said the troops arrested the businessman, U Dah Shi Lah, and his family and their valuable belongings were taken away. The source said the family house was blown up by mines a day after their arrest. BHRN

21 October- A court in Phyapone Township in Ayeyarwaddy Region sentenced a group of 7 youth activists to death for their political activism in a verdict passed by the court on 20 October. The court passed capital punishment on 6 men and one woman after they were accused of being members of a local resistance group the Black Dragon Force. They were found guilty of murder and terrorism-related charges and two death sentences were imposed on them. The court also imposed lengthy prison sentences on 8 other activists who were also accused of being members of the same group. They faced the charges under the country’s counter-terrorism law and they were sentenced to 35 years imprisonment. Five of those who were given the death sentence were also given 35 years in jail on terrorism charges. Those who were sentenced to death and prison terms of more than 20 years were sent to a prison in the regional capital Pathein. Ref: Khit Thit Media

24 October- The junta said it has arrested 9 social media users for posting critical comments against it on social media from 20 to 24 October. A report in a junta mouthpiece newspaper on 24 October said among the arrested social media users 3 men were from Yangon, one was from Ayeyarwaddy Region as well as one was from Paung Township in Mon State and one was from the Kachin State capital Myitkyina. The junta accused their posts which are praising the work of the exiled parallel government the National Unity Government (NUG). The junta accused that their posts could undermine the country’s peace and stability, the newspaper report said.  Ref: RFA

5 October- The Human Rights Minister of the National Unity Government (NUG), U Aung Myo Min, accused the junta of committing extrajudicial killings of 491 people since it came to power in a coup in February 2021. Speaking at a media briefing on 4 October, U Aung Myo Min said such killings amount to a war crime. He said at least 119 schools were destroyed by the junta during its reign. Ref: Khit Thit Media

9 October- More than 30 internally displaced people, including 13 children, were killed in a shelling by the junta troops on an IDP camp in Kachin State on 9 October, a local source told Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). The Hman Lai Chat IDP camps where the civilians fleeing the conflict were staying was attacked by the junta. The camp is situated about 2 miles from the headquarters of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) rebel group. BHRN

11 October- The junta has committed mass killing more than 22 times since it came to power in a military coup in February 2021, a statement issued by the National League for Democracy (NLD) on 11 October said. The statement said it has recorded the incidents where more than 10 people were killed by the junta under the category of mass killings. The statement said the junta is blatantly committing genocidal killings and war crimes, adding that the NLD is working to bring the junta officials who are involved in such crimes to account for the crimes they committed. Ref: Khit Thit Media

12 October- The junta killed at least 528 members of the Chin ethnic group since it came to power in February 2021, a civil society group the Chin Affairs Association (ICA) said in a statement issued on 10 October. It said among the deaths include 217 civilians and 311 combatants, the statement said. BHRN

16 October- The body of an 18-year-old woman, who had been under arrest by the junta troops, was found on 14 October, a local source said. He said Ma Sandar Khine from Khamaunk Chaung village in Tanintharyi Region’s Dawei District was abducted in September from her village to use as a human shield. The source said her body with a gunshot wound in the head was found on a highway in Yephyu Township also in Tanintharyi Region. He said Ma Sandar Khine was arrested during the last week of September along with two other women and two members of the people defence forces operating in the area and the bodies of three were found, the source said. Ref: DVB

19 October- A social activist has died after he was arrested by the junta troops in Taninthayi Township, a local source told Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). He said an unnamed activist, who was a driver of an ambulance was arrested at a checkpoint mended by the soldiers from the Light Infantry no 557. The source said the family of the social activist received a call from the authorities to collect his body on 17 October. The reason for the death was not disclosed. The family has not revealed the name of the victim due to their security risk, the source said. BHRN

24 October- The junta troops shot dead two women in Hti Chaing Township in Sagaing Region on 19 October, a local source said. The source said two women, who were on a motorbike bike were shot dead after they did not stop their motorbike when ordered by the soldiers. Ref: RFA

26 October- The junta troops killed a teenager in Thayat Chaung Township in Tanintharyi Region, an eyewitness of the incident told the Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN). He said Maung Nyi Nyi, an internally displaced person was first arrested and then his body was buried by the junta troops on 26 October. BHRN

26 October- The junta troops killed five civilians in a series of attacks against civilian targets in Mandalay Region on 25 October, a local resistance group the Wetlet Informal Network said. It said the junta troops attacked the villages in Madaya and Singgu townships which are situated on the coast of Ayeyarwaddy River. The junta accused these villages of hosting the members of the People Defence Forces (PDF), who are fighting the junta. BHRN

 28 October- The junta troops brutally murdered nine civilians in Depaiyin Township in Sagaing Region in their recent raids on the two villages in the region, a local source said. He said the civilians from Kabar Thit and Shan Taw villages were beheaded and their abdomens were silted. The abhorrent killings took place during a 10-day raid by the junta troops on the two villages that began on 18 October. The source said the junta troops also abducted 21 civilians during the raids and they are still being held by the junta troops. BHRN    

5 October- A civilian was shot dead in Myeik Township in Tanintharyi Region on 5 October by the members of a pro-junta Pyu Saw Htee militia group, a local source said. The victim, 40-year-old U Min Zaw Phyo, was killed around midnight while he was on sentry duty. The source said the reason behind his killing was not known. He said the family of U Min Zaw Phyo had to pay Kyat 100,000 bribe to the junta troops to get his body. BHRN  

9 October- The junta is offering the local communities in Nyaungdone Township in Ayeyarwaddy Region an opportunity to go abroad to work if they agree to join a pro-military militia group Pyu Saw Htee, a local source told Yangon Khitthit news agency. He said the junta and the military-backed Union Solidarity Party (USDP) are persuading the civilians in this township that arrangements will be made for those who join Pyu Saw Htee to go and work in Japan. The media report said the junta also used such a tactic in luring civilians in other towns in the Ayeyarwaddy region including, Ma U bin, Phya Pone, Kyaung Kone and Einmae townships, to join Pyu Saw Htee. However, those registered to join the group were sent for military training instead of sending them to Japan.  Ref: Khit Thit Media

14 October- A pro-junta militia group Pyu Saw Htee shot and killed two people in Mawleik Township in Sagaing Region on 12 October, a local source told Yangon Khitthit media. The report said the bodies of Ko Aung Zaw Win and Ko Kular were thrown into the Chindwin River. It said the body of one of the victims Ko Aung Zaw Win was found but that of the other victim was still missing. The two victims are normal civilians who work in gold panning in the river. Ref: Khit Thit Media 

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