Arrive - Hardly a sea term, but it once was. It came from French, in turn from the Latin word arripare, of which the meaning, and the early English one too, was to land, or to come ashore.
Capsize - hardly needs definition. An earlier spelling was capasize, and it probably came from the Spanish word capuzan, to sink. (The Nova Scotia word, present and past tense, is "upsot")
Mess - (1) A group within a ship's company who live and eat together, such as the junior officer's mess. (2) A shipboard meal, or food in general. The word came from Middle English, mes, and goes back to Late Latin, missum, that which is put on the table. It is a military as well as a seafarer's term.
Sponson - (1) structural projections on the sides of various craft, also of flying boats, for extra bouyancy or stability. (2) Another name for a paddle box of a sidewheel steamer. The term is probably a corruption of the word expansion. (see Bustle)
Bustle - (1) A special kind of fairwater aft, on larger (and faster) merchant ships and some steam yachts, in the early XX century. (2) Another name for "blisters" built onto the sides of some merchant steamers to improve stability. (3) A faired bulge on the bottom near the stern on some racing sailboats. The origin for all these, on good authority, is the lady's bustle of the late XIX.
Information is from the book "Origins of Sea Terms" by John G. Rogers
copyright 1985 Mystic Seaport Museum, Inc. and available from BlueJacket.