There are many challenges on a farm, but for me, the most challenging part of my operation is the farrowing operation - the breeding of hogs.
I was at a BBQ this past weekend and as it happens when I meet new people, they always have a ton of questions about my work. Then I start to explain, and there are terms and phrases that I just take for granted, so here is a little hog breeding FAQ.
When to breed? I have to work backwards from the projected kill date. Right now I'm breeding sows (females) for piglets that will be born at the end of November or early December. Those piglets will grow out over the course of 8 to 9 months and will be harvested in August of 2024.
How do you know when to breed? A sow cycles every 21 days, and generally she will begin her cycle about 3 to 5 days after weaning pigs.
We practice natural breeding - meaning we use a "service boar" and sows. Most of the industry uses Artificial Insemination because it is safer and easier than keeping a boar around, and they can get the exact genetics they want and know the date of conception and the projected farrowing (pigging) date.
I keep sows in small groups of about 4. When a sow is in heat, the other sows will start to mount her. I watch for signs then introduce the boar to the sow.
Standing heat. The sow is most fertile when she is what's called "standing heat." She will stand strong and wait for the boar to mount (or cover) her. To test, you can stand over her back and push down. If she stands there, you know she is ready.
How long does it take? There is a saying on a farm. If one were to >>>>>> as often as a rooster, or for as long as a boar, you would have no hours left in the day. Use your imagination.
How do you know it worked? After 3 weeks, if she doesn't come into heat again, you know she "settled." After 42 days, generally it is safe to say that she will take the piglets full term. Each sow carries her litter differently. Some look like they are about to go into labor for months, others hide their belly better. I do have a small ultrasound, but it is difficult to use. The sow doesn't like to stand still while I use it.
How many sows can a boar "service?" In natural breeding, it's suggested to keep the ratio of 1:12 or so. Meaning 1 boar for every 12 sows. But if they all come into heat at once, it's a better bet to do 1:4.
I keep two boars in the barn to rotate. One is a "cleanup" boar, meaning that he'll also breed a sow in case the first boar didn't service her.
Keeping two boars also helps to promote competition. The boars are kept in separate pens. When they come close to another boar, they can smell each other and begin to get very aggressive. At that point, they seem to want to mate more.
Do you need a special place to mate? Ideally, we take the sow to the boar's pen. This way he isn't distracted by other sows or other smells. Sometimes, such as over the weekend or when I might not have time to monitor them, I'll keep the boar in a small group of 4 sows. I'll rotate the boars in and out each day to keep them interested.
If a boar mates with one sow, he might lay by her side or cling to her for a few days. In the meantime, he could miss another sow coming into heat. It is best to take him out daily, or at least for 8 hours per day.
How often can the boar mate? A mature, healthy boar can mate up to twice per day, usually with a max of 6 to 10 times per week.
How do you know when the sow is about to have pigs? Ideally, you know the breeding date and use a calendar. But in general a sow will start to fill up and "bag up." Her teets will begin to swell and right before she has pigs, you can actually squeeze her nipples and milk will seep out. At that point, if she doesn't have pigs in the next 24 hours, I generally induce her.
She will also generally be restless and start to build a nest out of straw or other material in her pen.
How many pigs does a sow have? I've had them have up to 14, but rarely will they all be born alive. I've had once where 14 were born alive. Often times, they may have about 10 born, with 8 to 9 being alive. I hope to wean 6 to 7. If I could wean 8 every time I'd be happy.
What is the hardest part? Keeping the pigs healthy and clean. The piglets will do anything to walk in their feed or water. Keeping food and water clean is really a challenge in a pasture based operation. The confinement operations have figured it out by using "slat floor," essentially a special decking that lets manure, urine, and water runooff fall into a manure pit below. This keeps things sanitary. Outside, I struggle with rain, puddles, mud, and other elements that can be troublesome.
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