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RCA Chomer LiDrush for the Yamim Noraim!

This is Part II of the Chomer Lidrush for Yomim Noraim 5787 – Shabbos Shuva and Yom Kippur 


Dear RCA Rabbanim,


The Yamim Noraim are once again approaching, and with them, the opportunity to inspire your kehillos as they enter 5787. I'm pleased to share resources that I hope will support you as you craft your messages  this season. May Hashem help guide you and give you the ko'ach to elevate the Yom Tovim for your Tzibbur. 


Wishing you and your families a Kesiva VaChasima Tova.


Rabbi Menachem Penner

1) The Stakes Cut Both Ways (Shabbos Shuva Derasha)


The Gemara (Rosh Hashanah 16b) tells us that the beinonim, those whose merits and demerits are evenly balanced, are held in suspension until Yom Kippur. R. Immanuel Bernstein, in his sefer Teshuvah, presses on a question the Lechem Mishneh raises on the Rambam (Hilchos Teshuvah 3:3): if a beinoni is by definition someone whose mitzvos and aveiros are equal, why should he need teshuvah specifically in order to be sealed for life? Any single mitzvah he performs during the Aseres Yemei Teshuvah should tip the scale in his favor. The Emek Bracha answers that the year's judgment is a judgment on the year that has already passed, and a mitzvah done now belongs to the new year; it cannot retroactively give him a majority in the year for which he is being judged. Only teshuvah reaches backward, because teshuvah alone reopens a closed year and turns aveiros into merits.


The sharper formulation comes from the Kochvei Ohr. During these days Hashem makes Himself available and beckons a person to return, so that neglecting teshuvah is itself a fresh aveirah, a sin of omission committed in the very days designed for return. That is why no quantity of ordinary mitzvos can save the beinoni: every mitzvah he adds is outweighed by the new aveirah of having stood still while the gate was open. Once teshuvah enters the equation, the stakes rise on both sides. The same days that make return so accessible make neglecting it that much heavier. Teshuvah is first and foremost an opportunity, but precisely because it is an opportunity, it carries the responsibility to seize it.


2) A Little Stiffness in the Neck (Shabbos Shuva)


R. Immanuel Bernstein, again in Teshuvah, names the single enemy of teshuvah: stubbornness. In principle nothing should stand between a person and teshuvah, since the aveirah is already in the past and Hashem is offering a way to be rid of it. The one obstacle is that teshuvah requires admitting a mistake, and that is exactly what people are least willing to do. R. Bernstein cites R' Mendel Kaplan's formula for a good marriage, part Yiddish and part English: "men darf avek gebben a bissel selfishness," a person has to be willing to part with a little bit of himself. So too with teshuvah, we need to be prepared to part with just a bit of stubbornness. In a sense the refusal to admit the mistake can be graver than the sin itself, because the pressures that led to the sin are gone, and now, with nothing forcing our hand, we still will not let it go.


From here he reads the Selichos line "al tashlicheinu l'eis zikna" against its grain. Literally it asks that Hashem not cast us off in old age. But "old age" can also describe a state of mind. As people age, their habits harden, and their views entrench, and it becomes a point of pride never to change anything or admit anything needs changing. Some people are young in years but already old in this sense, while others are advanced in years and stay refreshingly open to growth. The plea becomes: do not let us fall victim to our own stubbornness. R. Bernstein lands it on a line worth saying from the pulpit. The old saying goes that you cannot teach an old dog new tricks, and to that teshuvah answers, you do not have to be an old dog.


He adds a second, quieter danger from the Gemara (Yoma 86b): "keivan she'avar adam aveirah v'shana bah, naaseis lo k'heter." Once an aveirah has been repeated it stops registering as a sin at all, so it never even makes the list of things a person thinks to fix. When we search ourselves during these days, the yetzer hara is glad to volunteer as our search party, steering us to look everywhere except the places it has quietly settled into. That is an offer we have to decline, and do the searching ourselves.


3) The Prohibition the Torah Never Wrote (Shabboso Shuva Derasha)


This one is built to carry a fifteen-minute lomdus segment on Shabbos Shuva, and its point is not really about fasting. R. Michael Rosensweig shlita, in his treatment of innuy nefesh in Mimini Michael (essays on teshuvah and Yom Kippur), shows that the Torah pointedly refuses to formulate Yom Kippur as an issur achilah. Parashas Emor runs a fixed pattern for every mo'ed: name the day, call it mikra kodesh, then prohibit melacha. Yom Kippur breaks the mold. Mikra kodesh is followed not by "kol meleches avodah lo saasu" but by "v'initem es nafshoseichem," and the most famous prohibition in the Jewish year is never actually written as a lav. Reish Lakish is troubled by exactly this in Yoma 81a, and after several attempts the Gemara leaves the question standing. The Torah could have written a prohibition and chose an aseh instead. Yom Kippur is defined not by what we refrain from but by a state we are commanded to reach.


Four moves from the essay carry the lomdus efficiently. The shiur for eating is a koseves rather than a kezayis, because the Torah is measuring yishuv hadaas, settling of the mind, rather than an act of consumption. The shiur for drinking is melo lugmav, explicitly subjective and set by the individual, which is striking in a system where shiurim are otherwise fixed and objective. Achilah gasah, eating past the point of satiety, is patur, because excess never delivered the settledness the day forbids. And most pointedly, the Ra'ah and the Ritva rule that a dangerously ill person obligated to eat on Yom Kippur recites no bracha, because the food is tzaara v'lo hanaah; it is permitted, he is doing a mitzvah by eating it, and halacha still assumes he takes no pleasure from it. The day has not only forbidden the food, but it has also emptied it of its appeal.


That last point is where this turns into a Shabbos Shuva message rather than a Yom Kippur shiur. Most of our people arrive at these days with a list of things to stop, and most of them know privately that the same list was on the paper last year. The essay suggests a different model, and the Rambam supports it: among the darkei hateshuvah in Hilchos Teshuvah 2:4 is meshaneh shemo, "ani acher v'eini oso ha'ish she'asah osan hamaasim," I am someone else, not the man who did those things. Identity replacement is codified, not homiletical. The haftarah says it twice. Hoshea does not say shuvu mechatoseichem but "shuva ad Hashem Elokecha," destination language rather than departure language, and the perek ends not with a resolution to resist idols but with "Efraim mah li od la'atzabim," a man for whom they have simply stopped calling. Worth a sentence of balance, since the Gemara does derive an implicit lav from the kareis: the Torah subordinated the prohibition, it did not abolish it, and nobody spiritualizes his way out of an apology he still owes.


The risk with material like this is that it stays beautiful and abstract, so it helps to hand the kehilla something they can picture. One way is to ask each person to write not a sin, but a sentence that begins, "I want to be the kind of person who," and then test it against three questions drawn straight from the sugya. Would anyone notice by Chanukah, since a change of state is visible from the outside? Does it cost me anything, since the shiur is calibrated to the point of comfort? And could I still be doing it in February, since the Ritva's k'malachim was prescribed for one day and not for Cheshvan? For anyone who concludes he should therefore attempt nothing at all, the Sefer HaChinuch (313) permits a choleh she'ein bo sakana to eat less than a shiur, a leniency it extends nowhere else, precisely because such a person stays inside the kiyum. There is no such thing as half a person, but there is such a thing as half a shiur, and the halacha counts it.

4) When the Thread Would Not Whiten (Yom Kippur)


The pasuk in Shir HaShirim (4:3) reads "k'chut hashani sifsosayich u'midbareich naveh." Rav Shlomo Brevda zt"l, in Siach Shlomo (his derashos on the moadim, collected from recordings), opens his Yom Kippur sha'ar from the Midrash (Shir HaShirim Rabbah on the pasuk), which reads "chut hashani," the scarlet thread, as the lashon shel zehoris tied to the sa'ir hamishtaleiach, and "u'midbareich naveh" as the vidui. He asks a sharp question. The strip of crimson wool was hung at the entrance where everyone could see it, and in a year when Klal Yisrael was zocheh it turned white and the whole city rejoiced. But in a year when they were not zocheh it stayed red, in full public view, a gnai far worse than any private failure. Why would Chazal set it up to be displayed openly and risk that disgrace, instead of keeping it discreet?


His answer reaches into the foundation of avodas Hashem. The root of all service is ratzon, the will to serve, and a person who is kashur l'shorsho, bound to his higher root, is compelled to feel simcha even before he has turned that will into deeds. The thread was public because a Jew's bond to his Source is not a private matter to be hidden away; when it whitened, the Kohanim would go out and gladden the people with the news. Red was a real risk, but the simcha of the white was the whole point.


The second half of the piece lands the vidui itself. Brevda cites the Vilna Gaon (in his peirush to Shir HaShirim) that the sa'ir hamishtaleiach served as Klal Yisrael's shaliach and sanegor, and asks what earned it that role. His answer runs the pasuk "mechaseh peshaav lo yatzliach u'modeh v'ozev yerucham" (Mishlei 28:13) against "hineni nishpat osach al amreich lo chatasi" (Yirmiyahu 2:35). A person's tikvah begins the moment he admits chatasi; the danger is the man who insists lo chatasi. And the chiddush is that this holds even when he says it honestly, imagining himself an angel, because ein tzaddik ba'aretz asher yaaseh tov v'lo yecheta, so that even a small failing makes "lo chatasi" a claim no one can truthfully make. The admission is the sanegoria. The mouth that opens to say ana Hashem chatanu is the same "midbareich naveh" that turns beautiful before Him.


5) The Drawer That Was Never Opened (Yom Kippur Yizkor)


R. Paysach Krohn tells the story of Mordechai Kaler, a sixteen-year-old volunteer at a home for the aged, who was warned about Chona, an elderly resident who had cursed another volunteer for inviting him to the minyan. Chona wheeled Mordechai to his room and told him why. As a boy of twelve in a concentration camp, Chona had watched his father go out at great risk on the morning of his bar mitzvah to secure a complete pair of tefillin, and had watched a Nazi shoot his father dead before his eyes as he came back carrying them. Chona kept his father's tefillin for sixty years, unopened in a drawer, showing them only as proof of what his father had died for. "How can anyone pray to a God Who would kill a boy's father right in front of him?"


Mordechai did not answer Chona's question. How could he? There are questions about suffering that no sixteen-year-old can answer, and perhaps no one can. Instead he asked Chona a different question: what would your father want you to be? And that question brought Chona back. He let Mordechai bring the tefillin down to the shul, put them on, and sat there with the straps wound around his arm, caressing them and repeating, "Tatte, Tatte, it feels so right." For the first time in sixty years his father came back to him. Every morning after that Mordechai would wheel him in to daven, until the morning the elevator opened and Chona was not there. He had suffered a stroke, and had asked his daughter to bring the tefillin to the hospital so he could daven one more time. He died wearing them, bound to his Father in Heaven.


That is what Yom Kippur asks. Teshuvah means return, and return does not mean every question has been answered or every wound has healed. Sometimes it means that even with the wound, even with the anger, even without understanding, we refuse to let the pain have the last word. For sixty years those tefillin sat in a drawer, and Chona's relationship with his father was trapped in there with them, frozen in the most terrible moment of his life. When he finally wrapped them on his arm, his father became more than the way he died; he became again the father who had risked everything so his son could do a mitzvah. Chona's teshuvah did not begin with an answer. It began with a pair of tefillin, with opening a drawer. You do not have to resolve everything before taking the first step. Sometimes you recover one mitzvah, one tefillah, one relationship, one part of yourself that has been closed away.


And that is where Yizkor enters Yom Kippur. On this day of return, the people we have lost help call us home. We remember a father or mother, a husband or wife, a sibling, a child, a teacher or friend, and we ask not only what we remember about them, but the question Mordechai asked Chona: what would this person want me to be? What part of me did they believe in? What did they teach me that I have neglected? What mitzvah, relationship, or responsibility have I left sitting in a drawer? There is a striking line in Yizkor that we ask Hashem to remember the soul of our loved one "baavur she'ani noder tzedakah baado," because I pledge tzedakah on their behalf. Jewish memory has to become action; their lives must keep producing goodness through ours. On Yom Kippur we ask Hashem for another year of life, and at Yizkor we ask ourselves what we will do with that year in the name of those who no longer have one. In these next moments, do not remember only what you lost. Ask what that person placed into your hands, and what part of them can live only through you. We are about to ask Hashem to remember them; perhaps they are also asking Hashem to remember us, to help us return to the people they knew we could become. What would my father want me to be? What would my mother want me to be? On this Yom Kippur, perhaps that question can bring us home.


6) What She Put on the Table (Ne'ilah)


In the old shul of Tarnopol there hung a white paroches before Ne'ilah, embroidered in diamonds and pearls with the words "yom mimim huchas, yom Kippur hameyuchas," one day among all days is set apart, the exalted Day of Atonement. Behind it was a story the city nearly forgot. A respected and wealthy talmid chacham named R. Shalom Dankner always bought the pesicha of the Aron at Ne'ilah, paying a very high price, and no one dared bid against him. Then he lost his fortune. The gabbaim, wise men, quietly told the mispallelim that they would announce an unusually low price for the honor and that no one should compete, so that even in his poverty R. Shalom could keep it. Year after year they called out a single gold coin, and he bought the pesicha. One year a newly wealthy man stood and offered more. Since the money was hekdesh, the gabbaim felt they could not refuse a higher bid, and the price began to climb. Everyone soon realized R. Shalom would be humiliated. Then, in full view of the congregation, a sealed cloth bag landed on the gabbaim's table. It was full of diamonds, pearls, and precious stones. His wife, sitting in the ezras nashim, could not bear to watch her husband's disgrace, and had thrown down everything that remained to her from their prosperous years, as a final bid no one could match. The other man withdrew. After Yom Kippur the gabbaim tried to return the jewelry; she refused, saying she had given it wholeheartedly so her husband could open the Aron. So they sewed the jewels into a paroches and hung it, once a year, only in the exalted moments before Ne'ilah.


You can make this about what we are prepared to surrender in the final moments of Yom Kippur. In a few moments we will cry, "Pesach lanu shaar b'eis neilas shaar," open the gate for us as the gate is closing. Hashem is not asking us to throw diamonds onto the table. He is asking each of us to surrender one thing we have guarded too carefully all year: our pride, an old grievance, an excuse, a destructive habit, our refusal to apologize or to change. That woman's jewelry was not lost; it became the paroches that adorned the Aron every Yom Kippur. And what we surrender during Ne'ilah will not be lost either. It can become the opening through which we return to Hashem. "Pesach lanu shaar b'eis neilas shaar."


7) A story you might find useful: What a Day of Your Life is Worth


Reb Aryeh Levine zt"l, the tzaddik of Yerushalayim, took it upon himself to serve as rabbi to the Jewish prisoners in the central prison, going every Shabbos and Yom Tov to daven with men the rest of the world had written off. Over the years an extraordinary bond formed between them. One Shabbos morning, in the middle of krias haTorah, Reb Aryeh was called out; his married daughter had been struck by sudden paralysis, and the doctors held out little hope. He returned the next Shabbos, mastered his emotions, and told the men only that his daughter was as well as could be expected. Then he began the mi shebeirach for the men called to the Torah. As he recited it for the first man, the prisoner announced that he was pledging a day of his own life for the recovery of the rabbi's daughter. The second man forfeited a week. The third pledged a month. One after another, these men who had nothing left in the world offered the only thing still theirs, the days of their own lives. By the seventh man, a young student who would later become a professor at the Technion, he cried out asking what their lives in prison were even worth against their rabbi's anguish, and pledged all his remaining days for her recovery. Reb Aryeh could not go on. He wept, shook every man's hand, and went home. On the day we beg for another year of life, it is worth asking what we are prepared to give away for someone else's. These men had almost nothing, and gave from the little they had, because someone they loved was in pain.


Did our chomer help you over Yom Tov? Want to see more or less of an idea? Let us know!

Manning the Media


The obvious media choice for Yom Kippur.

RCA Sukkos Guides

Note: Both documents follow Ashkenazic halacha. The difference is only in pronunciation.


The guides are customizable for your community.



This Sukkos guide has been made possible with the suggestions and contributions of our chaverim:

Daniel Yolkut, Judah Kerbel, Mordechai Torczyner, Tuvia Brander, and Chaim Axelrod